In the present study, natural deep eutectic solvent composed of choline chloride and ascorbic acid (CHCL/AA NADES) was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant properties of ...antioxidant extracts from fruit wastes of Mangifera pajang. The solubilities of Mangifera pajang's antioxidant extracts in water and CHCL/AA NADES at different water contents (0–50 wt%) were investigated. It was observed that the antioxidant extracts were most soluble in the CHCL/AA NADES with 10 wt% of water, and the concentration of antioxidant was found to be approximately 15% and 4% as compared to water and pure CHCL/AA NADES, respectively. The positive effect of water on NADES can be related to the reduced viscosity of NADES, where the viscosity decreased up to 74% upon addition of water. Aside from that, all the tested CHCL/AA NADES enhanced the antioxidant capacity of antioxidant extracts by 1.3–14.64% compared to the antioxidant extracts in water. This finding highlights the role of CHCL/AA NADES as an antioxidant capacity enhancer. Noteworthy, the antioxidant extracts solubilized in the CHCL/AA NADES system formed a nano-scale cluster structure, as depicted by the TEM image, suggesting that the CHCL/AA NADES could potentially use in nanoformulation that provides protection to the antioxidant extracts.
•CHCL/AA NADES was formulated for enhancing the solubility and antioxidant capacity.•Addition of water into CHCL/AA NADES enhances the solubility of antioxidant by 15%.•CHCL/AA NADES further increased the DPPH scavenging activity.•The antioxidants-CHCL/AA NADES formed nano-scale cluster structure.
Controlling the nonlinear process is a very challenging task in the process plant, whereby it depends on the practitioners' knowledge and skills. This paper aims at developing Gain Scheduling (GS) ...based controller tunings to obtain the trade-off controller tunings for both servo and regulatory control objectives at the Low, Medium and High operating levels supported by optimization analysis. At first, the research obtains First Order plus Dead Time (FOPDT) models of various operating levels from the Gravity Drained function of LOOP-PRO software. The dynamic characteristics of GA are compared with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), which showed GA produced more desirable responses and performance indexes. The analysis also compares process responses and performance indexes of GA with manually calculated controller tunings. The overall result shows that GA optimization analysis produces the most reasonable controller tunings for consistent control performance compared to other methods. Ultimately, GA algorithms were adopted into a Graphical User Interface (GUI) of MATLAB software, allowing the automated generation of the controller tunings for the identified models.
Hydrogen is considered as an environmental friendly energy carrier but its actual impact on the environment depends on the way it is produced. A strategy of plant-wide modelling and advanced process ...control with optimization is currently developed for the Hydrogen production via the Iodine-Sulphur thermochemical cycle process. The objectives of this paper are two-folds: (1) to optimize the trade-off between steady-state profitability and dynamic operability of the Bunsen section subject to multiple constraints, and (2) to design practical control strategy based on the multi-scale control concept. A multi-scale modelling for the Bunsen section in the Hydrogen production via the Iodine-Sulphur thermochemical cycle process is presented. Based on this multi-scale model, a practical control design is developed and applied to Bunsen section. The suitable sets of control variables and manipulated variables are chosen via a sensitivity study incorporating the multivariate Response Surface Analysis method. By dint of simulation study, it can be shown that the proposed control strategy is able to produce a good closed-loop performance where its robustness depends strongly on the selected schemes of Bunsen section. It is worth highlighting that, the proposed multi-scale control strategy demonstrates robust performance in the face of the worst case uncertainty scenario.
Stability of antioxidant compounds (AC) is always a challenging aspect in the food industry. AC, by nature, can be easily degraded under exposure of different parameters, predominantly high ...temperature during food processing. The thermal degradation of AC greatly impedes their nutritional values. However, it is rather surprising that only little attentions are paid concerning the thermal degradation of AC. Therefore, it is of great interest to describe the potential preservation approaches that reduce the thermal degradation rate of the AC. This review presents the effects of parameters affecting the degradation of AC, as well as an update of recent studies focused on the modeling of thermal degradation kinetics of AC. Our efforts encompass the discussion of numerous formulation strategies to improve the thermal stability of AC. In particular, literature compiled in this review highlight the potential of using various formulation strategies like emulsion, cyclodextrin, liposome, hydrogel, solid lipid nanoparticles, and natural deep eutectic solvent to effectively preserve the AC from thermal degradation. These technologies are efficient and reliable in improving the thermal stability of AC. Interestingly, the use of natural deep eutectic solvent holds great promise in enhancing the thermal stability of AC and its application in stabilizing the AC shall be further explored in the future.
With the rising interest in developing polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics as an auspicious substitute for conventional plastics, the exploitation of low-cost oil substrates for PHA biosynthesis ...has become popular recently. In view of the paucity of feasibility studies on lipid-based PHA production, this paper aims to provide an overview of the PHA production from diverse lipid-rich sources, covering the PHA production efficiencies using different plausible fermentation strategies and the key influencing factors for oil-based PHA production. Considering the high conversion efficiency (97.5% of the theoretical PHA yield), direct fermentation of oil has shown great promise for PHA industrialization. Plant oils which could achieve a high PHA yield (0.25–0.77 g/g) are better carbon sources than waste cooking oil (0.15–0.28 g/g). In addition to providing information on the potential enhancement tools (i.e., mixed cultures, metabolic engineering, and kinetic studies) for lipid-based PHA production, this paper also reviews the techno-economic and life cycle assessment of PHA production in comparison to the conventional plastics. Besides, technical challenges and future perspectives for the commercialization of oil-based PHA production have been discussed (specifically targeting on the concerns of inconsistent production efficiency, complex recovery process, and high production cost), offering further insights towards developing a sustainable circular economy.
This paper presents a new approach to controlling MIMO processes by using the double-loop multi-scale control scheme in the decentralized control architecture. The decentralized PID control system ...has been used in process industry despite its several limitations due to process interactions, time-delays and right half plane poles. To overcome the performance limitation due to process interactions, decoupling controllers are often added to the decentralized PID control system. The proposed strategy based on the double-loop multi-scale control scheme has some advantages over the existing control strategies for MIMO processes. An advantage of the proposed scheme over the decentralized PID control with decoupling system is that, the proposed strategy has a fixed number of dimensionless tuning parameters that are easy to tune. For an n×n MIMO process, the proposed scheme requires the tuning of only 3 to 6 dimensionless parameters instead of the 3n original PID parameters.
It is no doubt that plants are a vital centerpiece and contributed immensely in the health care industry. Besides, it has been found that the indigenous people in developing countries had long been ...using local traditional plants for the treatment of diseases. The traditional plants are highly valued for their bioactive compounds which exhibits high antioxidant activity and has the potential in bringing down the risk of diseases. Canarium odontophyllum, also called dabai is one of the underutilized traditional plants consumed by the indigenous people in Borneo Island. The objective of this research is to characterize the antioxidant activity, metal chelating activity, the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and identifying the potential bioactive compounds of dabai. The antioxidant, metal chelating and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity of dabai extract was evaluated using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, Fe2+ chelating assay and the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and found that it yielded an inhibition of 2.31%, 4.89% and 13.06% respectively. Then, chracterization using FTIR revealed the presence of flavonoids, anthocyanins and phenols serving as the potential bioactive compounds for the antioxidant activities. The knowledge gained from the antioxidant capacities and properties of dabai extract are potentially useful for the application of traditional plant medicine as an alternative nutraceutical product in the modern medical industry.
The substantial release of ammonia (NH3) into water streams results in eutrophication, which is harmful to aquatic life. The effectiveness of immobilized iron‑copper bimetallic nanoparticles ...(nanoFeCu) in removing NH3 from sewage was proved to be effective. However, the study of immobilized nanoFeCu applications for NH3 removal using machine learning (ML) in wastewater treatment is limited. The objective of this study is to develop an intelligent soft sensor using real pilot-scale experimental data to predict NH3 concentration during NH3 removal over the catalytic process using immobilized nanoFeCu. In addition to implementing the new ML model alongside an empirical model in real-time conditions, the study also involves comparing the developed model with existing models for wastewater treatment prediction. The results showed that the developed model outperformed other models, including artificial neural networks and support vector regression. Additionally, the developed model provided an accurate prediction of NH3 concentration with a correlation coefficient of 0.9215, well above the accepted threshold of 0.7. For online NH3 concentration estimation, the developed model effectively addresses the impacts of real-time conditions and demonstrates its adaptability to process changes. Further study on other pollutants removals, such as heavy metals or dyes, using the developed model can be conducted for wastewater treatment applications.
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•Ammonia (NH3) in sewage can be removed through a catalysis process using nanoFeCu.•High sewage flow rate enhanced the NH3 removal.•An LSSVR-based model was developed for NH3 removal over the catalysis process.•The LSSVR-based model demonstrated high predictive accuracy with R2 = 0.9215.•Effective online monitoring of NH3 was done by PCA-DA-E-LSSVR model.
The extraction of antioxidant compounds from fruits wastes of
Mangifera pajang
using conventional solvent (ethanol) and deep eutectic solvent (DES) was investigated. A statistical optimization study ...was first performed to maximize the antioxidant activity from ethanol extraction, which led to a maximum antioxidant activity of 11.11 ± 0.06 mg AEAC/g. The optimized parameters were then used in the DES extraction study. Among the several formulations of DESs, the solution where choline chloride mixed with glycerol (CHCL-GLY) resulted in the highest antioxidant activity. Subsequently, the CHCL-GLY formulation was further optimized by adjusting the molar ratio of the glycerol and the water concentration in the solution. The results showed that the CHCL-GLY solution with a molar ratio of 1:2 and addition of 20% water gave the highest antioxidant activity at 11.48 ± 0.09 mg AEAC/g, slightly outperformed the extract obtained by aqueous ethanol, indicating that DESs can be an excellent solvent for extracting antioxidant compounds from plant material which lead to novel industrial applications.
Hydrogen (H
) has been recognized as one of the attractive energy carriers due to its clean and environmentally friendly characteristics where the burning of H
as a fuel produces zero waste emission. ...Water-gas shift reaction (WGSR) has been accepted as one promising pathway for producing hydrogen. Recently, membrane technology has emerged as a new way to improve high-purity H
production via the WGSR. A substantial amount of research works has so far focussed on the production of H
alone while often neglecting the emission of carbon dioxide (
), a greenhouse gas that is known to be the culprit responsible for global warming. Addressing the conflicting issues between clean H
fuel and environmentally adverse
emission requires a systematic engineering approach to carbon capture to be incorporated directly into H
production plant. In view of this, the reuse of
can be implemented by incorporating the dry methanation reaction. In the proposed reuse strategy, the WGSR uses carbon monoxide (CO) and water as the reactants while the dry methanation reaction uses
and methane (CH
) to produce CO and H
. Based on two case studies of industrial plants, this paper presents a rigorous evaluation of the technical and economic feasibility of the implementation of this reuse strategy by using H
selective membrane reactor (MR). Upon extensive analysis of different strategies with and without carbon capture technology, it is found that with the proposed carbon capture strategy, the industrial plants show positive improvement in terms of both technical and economic performances.
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