There is an increasing recognition of the contribution of forests to food security of poor and marginalized people. However, empirical findings remain limited on how forests contribute to food ...security. Drawing on four case studies of community forestry in Nepal, this paper discusses pathways through which forests are contributing to food security needs of local communities. The evidence presented here was gathered through 4 years of action research and draws insights from the past 40 years of Nepal’s community forestry practice, which is often regarded as a successful case of conservation and development. It is shown that there are four distinct pathways through which community forests contribute to food security as a source of: (1) income and employment; (2) inputs to increase food production; (3) directly for food; and (4) renewable energy for cooking. Despite emerging pathways linking forest management to food systems at the local level, forestry policies and institutions have neither explicitly recognized nor strengthened the linkage between forest and food security. The paper highlights that there is a need for a fundamental shift in thinking from the conventional notion of ‘forests for soil conservation’ to ‘sustainable forest management for food security’.
Patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) with mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) engraft quicker than those receiving bone marrow (BM). Our objective was to determine whether ...candidate engrafting cells—primitive hematopoietic progenitors (PHPs)–from MPB and BM exhibit different responses to cytokines that could explain this observation.
We compared the cell cycle kinetics and ex vivo expansion of PHP-enriched cells obtained from MPB (n = 12) and BM (n = 10) by fluorescence-activated sorting of CD90
+, AC133
+ or CD38
dull subsets of pre-selected CD34
+ cells. Cell cycle status, before and after 40 hours of serum-free culture with a cytokine cocktail, was assessed by multiparameter flow cytometry following incubation with Hoechst 33342 and pyronin Y.
We found that 0.2% ± 0.3% of MPB CD34
+CD90
+ cells were in S/G
2/M phases at hour 0, compared with 5% ± 2.5% of those from BM (
p = 0.0001), and 86.3% ± 9.7% were in G
0, compared with 65.3% ± 10% of those in BM (
p = 0.0001). After 40 hours of culture, CD34
+CD90
+ cells from MPB were more mitotically active than those from BM, with 29% ± 4.9% in S/G
2/M and 20% ± 11.4% in G
0, compared to 19% ± 6.5% (
p = 0.001) and 39.2% ± 22% (
p = 0.027) of cells from BM. There was greater expansion of both total CD34
+ cells and the CD90
+ subset from MPB samples (
p = 0.001 and 0.0001, respectively). Results from PHPs defined on the basis of AC133 expression correlated well with results obtained in CD90
+ subsets (
r
2 = 0.81;
p = 0.014).
MPB PHPs appear to be primed for a greater acceleration in mitotic activity upon cytokine exposure. This qualitative difference may contribute to the earlier engraftment seen after HSCT using MPB grafts.
