Rodčenkov antidoping zakon Sjedinjenih Američkih Država iz 2019. godine stupio je na snagu 4. decembra 2020. godine, nakon što ga je potpisao predsednik Tramp. Tim zakonom se uvodi eksteritorijalna ...nadležnost američkih državnih organa i sudova za krivično delo „velike međunarodne zavere u vezi sa doping prevarom“ koji može da počini bilo koja osoba, osim sportiste, koja je umešena u zavere povezane sa dopingom u sportu na velikim međunarodnim sportskim takmičenjima. Zakon je imao jednodušnu dvostranačku podršku u Kongresu, uz veliko odobravanje američkih sportskih krugova. Jedino istinsko protivljenje zakonu došlo je izvan USA, i to pre svega od strane Sveske antidoping agencije (WADA), Međunarodnog olimpijskog komiteta i Saveta Evrope. Glavni i suštinski prigovor Rodčenkov antidoping zakonu tiče se zabrinutosti da taj zakon svojim eksteritorijalnim odredbama narušava globalno priznati antidoping program i podriva kapaciteta WADE da ispuni svoju misiju globalnog antidoping regulatora i tela koje vrši nadzor nad sprovođenjem Svetskog antidoping kodeksa, uključujući i usklađenost potpisnika sa Kodeksom. Autor u radu analizira uticaj donošenja Rodčenkov antidoping zakona na harmonizaciju borbe protiv dopinga na globalnom nivou, ukazujući na njegovu sadržinu, razloge koji su doveli do njegovog donošenja i kontroverze koje on izaziva.
The US Rodchenkov Anti-Doping Act of 2019 came into force on December 4th 2020, after it had been signed by president Trump. This Act introduces extraterritorial jurisdiction of US government authorities and courts for criminal offence of „major international doping fraud conspiracies“ which may be commited by any person, other than an athlete, who is involved in conspiracies related to doping in sport at major international sport competition. The Act received unilateral support in Congress with great approval of US sports organizations. The only true opposition to this Act came from abroad, primarily from World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), International Olympic Committee and Council of Europe. The main and essential objection includes concern that extraterritorial rules of this Act will disrupt the globally recognized anti-doping program undermining WADA capacities to fulfill its mission of global anti-doping regulatory body that supervises the enfocement of World Anti-Doping Code, including compliance of Parties with the Code. In his paper, the author considers the impact of the adopted Act on harmonization of fight against doping at a global level, showing its content and reasons that brought to its adoption, as well as contraversies it provoked.
Uporedno-pravna rešenja podstiču arbitražno rešavanje sporova u oblasti sporta, a pravila mnogih međunarodnih sportskih saveza zabranjuju članicama da vode sudske sporove pod pretnjom zabrane nastupa ...na međunarodnim takmičenjima. Najznačajniji i najpopularniji arbitražni sud za razrešavanje međunarodnih sporova u domenu sporta jeste Arbitražni sud za sport Lozani (The Court of Arbitration for Sport – CAS) sa sedištem u Lozani (Švajcarska). Da bi CAS bio nadležan za rešavanje određenog spora, on mora biti podoban za arbitražu i mora postojati punovažan arbitražni sporazum. Osim toga, za punovažnost odluka CAS-a važe isti procesni zahtevi kao i za odluke državnih sudova: nezavisnost suda, pravo stranke da bude saslušana, pravo na pošteno suđenje, zabrana retroaktivnih pravila i kazni, načelo ne bis in idem, načelo proporcionalnosti u odmeravanju kazne, načelo nezavisnosti sudije, načelo pisanog obrazloženja odluke. Autor u radu razmatra pitanje punovažnosti i obaveznosti odluka koje donosi CAS i mogućnosti njihovog osporavanja pred nacionalnim sudovima, kako nacionalnim sudovima prema sedištu CAS-a tako i nacionalnim sudovima strana u sportu (u postupku izvršenja odluka CAS-a ili nezavisno od toga). Ovo pitanje je posebno razmotreno u svetlu tzv. slučaja Pechstein (tužba Claudie Pechstein protiv International Skating Union za naknadu štete zbog dvogodišnje zabrane takmičenja usled dopinga) koji je svoj epilog dobio presudom nemačkog Vrhovnog saveznog suda (Bundesgerichtshof) od 7. juna 2016. godine, a ticao se upravo punovažnosti arbitražnog sporazuma o nadležnosti CAS-a i priznavanja odluke CAS-a, kao strane arbitražne odluke, od nemačkih sudova.
Comparative law solutions encourage resolving disputes in the area of sport through arbitration, and instigation of court proceedings is forbidden by the rules of many national sport associations under the sanction of barring the athlete from international competing. The most important and most popular arbitration court for resolving the international disputes in the area of sport is the Court of Arbitration for Sport – CAS based in Lausanne (Switzerland). Jurisdiction will be given to the CAS if it is competent for arbitration and if there is valid arbitration agreement. Furthermore, same procedural demands apply to the CAS decisions as for the ruling of national courts: judicial independence, the right of the party to a hearing, the right to a fair trial, forbidding ex post facto laws and sanctions, principle ne bis in idem, principle of proportionality of punishment, principle of a judge impartiality, principle of reasoning behind the decision made in writing. In his paper, the author considers the issue of validity and enforceability of the decisions made by the CAS, and possibility of their denial in front of national courts according to headquarters of the CAS, as well as national courts of the parties to a dispute (in the proceedings of enforcement of the CAS decisions or regardless of that). This issue is particularly considered in the light of so-called Pechsteins case (complaint of Claudia Pechstein against the International Skating Union requesting compensation for receiving two-year ban from competition because of doping results) which was resolved by the ruling of the German Federal Court (Bundesgerichtshof) from 07th June, 2016, and where it was dealt exactly with validity of the arbitration agreement on the CAS jurisdiction and recognition of the CAS ruling as a foreign arbitration decision by the German national courts.
Every sporting activity means taking a greater or lesser risk. To eliminate that risk means to eliminate sport. The accidents happen in all sorts of sport causing damage to participants or other ...persons which raises the issue of compensation for damage. Accident risks increase by increasing demands for speed, strength, skill, boldness and endurance. Damages that happen at the sporting events arise in most cases as a result of personal right infringement, and rarely as an infringement of property right. Legal scholars connect such infringements primarily with so-called sport accidents. These are the cases when injuries of athletes stand in direct time and space relation with his/her sporting activity. Besides that, it is important that the accident is connected with typical risks of certain sporting activity and that it was performed by an active athlete.. In this paper author analyzes basics or reasons of liability for damage that athlete could suffer on sports competition, included analyzes the circumstances that exclude or reduce liability for damage suffered by an athlete at a sporting event due to realization of typical risks involved in certain sporting event or activity. Beside the given review on comparative law solutions, the author particularly analyzed the new approach adopted by the Law on Sport of the Republic of Serbia from 2011 in that comparing it with the usual attitude accepted in legal practice and theory of former Yugoslav republics.
Ugovor o pružanju usluga fitnesa Đurđević, Nenad
Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu,
02/2021, Letnik:
58, Številka:
1
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Fitnes je danas u Evropi najprofitabilnija sportska aktivnost sa skoro 65 miliona korisnika usluga brojnih fitnes centara i klubova u 2019. godini. Fitnes je pojam koji podrazumeva dobro razvijenu ...fizičku sposobnost, koja je, pak, povezana sa fizičkom pripremljenošću putem fitnes treninga. Usluge u okviru fitnes centara (studija, klubova) danas se pružaju isključivo na osnovu zaključenog ugovora o pružanju usluga fitnesa. U pitanju je neimenovani ugovor koji se različito naziva u pojedinim zemljama. On se u praksi zaključuje skoro isključivo uz korišćenje opštih uslova poslovanja fitnes centra, odnosno putem zaključenja formularnih ugovora unapred pripremljenih od strane fitnes centara. Autor u radu razmatra pitanja zaključenja i pravne prirode tog ugovora.
Fitness is the most profitable sports activity in today's Europe with almost 65 million service consumers of numerous fitness centers and clubs in the year 2019. Fitness is a concept that implies well developed
physical ability which is derived from physical readiness gathered through physical workout. Fitness center (studios, clubs) services are provided today solely on the contract on providing fitness services. It is a non-regulated contract which is called differently in various countries. In practice, this contract is made entirely in accordance with the standard contract terms adopted by fitness centers, or by making standard contracts prepared in advance by fitness centers. In his
paper, the author considers the issues of conclusion and legal nature of this contract.
U savremenom sportu prisustvo “gledalaca” je uobičajena pojava na svakoj
sportskoj priredbi, odnosno kod svake sportske priredbe može se očekivati prisustvo gledalaca, ili ono stvarno postoji. ...Gledalac sportske priredbe kupujući ulaznicu kako bi prisustvovao određenoj sportskoj priredbi stupa sa organizatorom u ugovorni odnos, koji se zasniva tzv. ugovorom o poseti sportskoj priredbi. Tim ugovorom se organizator obavezuje da omogući gledaocu da sa određenog numerisanog sedišta ili prostora za stajanje, po vlastitom izboru, unutar sportskog objekta, bezbedno posmatra sportsku priredbu, a gledalac se, s druge strane, obavezuje da kao naknadu plati ugovoreni iznos novca, po pravilu
kupovinom ulaznice (karte). Glavna sadržina ugovora o prisustvu sportskoj priredbi je obaveza organizatora da pruži gledaocu uživanje određenog sportskog događaja, na određenom mestu i u određenom trenutku,
i obaveza gledaoca da plati određenu novčanu naknadu. Autor u radu razmatra prava i obaveze organizatora i gledaoca sportske priredbe iz ugovora o poseti sportskoj priredbi. U radu je posebna pažnja poklonjena
obavezi organizatora da gledaocu garantuje bezbednost tokom održavanja sportske priredbe, imajući u vidu da savremene sportske događaje prate ne samo znatni rizici koji proističu iz same prirode sportske aktivnosti
zbog koje se organizuje sporska priredba ali i okupljanja velikog broja
ljudi na jednom mestu, već i zbog enormnih rizika kojima su u pojedinim
sportovima izloženi gledaoci nasilničkim i huliganskim ponašanjem navijačkih grupa.
Attendance of spectators is usual phenomenon at every sporting event, it
may be expected in contemporary sport or it actually exists. Sporting event spectator enters into a contract with organiser by purchasing ticket in order to attend sporting event creating relation based on so-called contract on attending sporting event. The terms of this contract gives rise to organiser’s contractual obligation to enable a spectator to watch sporting event safely from numbered seat or standing area at his/her own choice inside the sport facility. On the other hand,
a spectator is obliged to pay certain ammount of money as compensation for sporting event attendance by purchasing ticket. General terms of the
contract on attending sporting event involve organiser’s obligation to enable spectator enjoying a sporting event at specific time and in certain place and a spectator should pay monetary compensation for that.
In this paper, the author considers the rights and obligations of both contractual parties (organiser and spectator) from the contract on attending sporting event. Particular attention is paid to organiser’s contractual obligations to ensure safety of a spectator during sporting events, having in mind that modern sporting events are followed, not only by numerous risks derived from the very nature of sporting activity, but also the fact of gathering large number of people in one place and huge risks that spectators may be exposed by violent and hooligan behavior of fan groups.
Violence at the sporting events, especially at football matches, has still been a disturbing problem to all European countries taking various forms with obvious tendention of spreading from stadium ...facilities to nearby surroundings outside the stadium, involving wider urban areas. The Republic of Serbia has reason not to be only disturbed, but confused, frightened and terrified as well, by the intensity and scope of the violence at sporting events or related to sporting events during last couple of years, that took many lives and caused numerous serious and light bodily injuries and enormous material damage. The author analyzes in his work statutory and practical meausures in the field of criminal responsibility taken by state authorities of the Republic of Serbia on preventing violence and misconducts at the sporting events. The problem particulary exists in the matters of criminal responsibility and misdemeanor liability, since all the legal acts that have been enacted during the last decade proved to be insufficent in achieving goals of general and individual prevention.
Zaštita dece u sportu Đurđević, Nenad
Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta u Splitu,
05/2019, Letnik:
56, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Prema Konvenciji o pravu deteta Ujedinjenih nacija iz 1989. godine, dete je lјudsko biće koje nije navršilo osamnaest godina života, ako se, na osnovu zakona koji se odnosi na dete, punoletstvo ne ...stiče ranije. Svakog dana širom sveta ogroman broj dece učestvuje u sportskim aktivnostima, rekreativnog ili takmičarskog tipa, na javnim prostorima, u školama, sportskim klubovima i drugim organizacijama. U tome im pomažu i podstiču ih brojni roditelji, treneri, sporski funkcioneri i druga lica. Sa bavljenjem sportom se počinje u sve mlađim uzrastima, što se temelji i na činjenici da je za decu fizička aktivnost prirodna forma kretanja koja podrazumeva izazov i uživanje zasnovano na igri. Za najveći broj dece sportske aktivnosti su pozitivno životno iskustvo, koje im omogućava unapređenje sopstvenih fizičkim mogućnosti, poboljšava zdravstveno stanje i razvija socijalne odnose sa drugima. Postoje, međutim, i ona deca za koje je bavljenje sportom skopčano i sa negativnim, često i traumatičnim, iskustvom, u vidu diskriminacije, nasilјa, zlostavlјanja, iskorišćavanja, prekomernog treniranja, oštećenja zdravlјa, i negativnog uticaja na psihosocijalni i motorički razvoj ili obrazovanje. Sve javne vlasti i svi učesnici u sportu se takvim negativnim pojavama u sportu moraju odlučno suprotstavlјati, kako pravnim tako i društvenim sredstvima. Sport u svim oblicima mora da bude pojedinačno dostupan svoj deci bez diskriminacije, uz omogućavanje jednake mogućnosti dečacima i devojčicama i uz uvažavanje posebnih potreba svakog starosnog uzrasta, Autor u radu ukazuje na dobrobiti koje bavlјenje sportom donosi deci, analizirajući, pri tom, tipične oblike zloupotreba dece u sportu i potrebne mere za zaštitu dece od različitih oblika diskriminacije, nasilјa, zlostavlјanja i iskorišćavanja u sportu. U radu se ukazuje na mere koje se u tom pravcu preduzimaju na međunarodnom nivou, kao i na rešenja uneta u Zakon o sportu Republike Srbije iz 2016. godine u cilјu posebne zaštite dece u sportu.
Pursuant to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted in 1989, a child means every human being below the age of eighteen years unless under the law applicable to the child, majority is attained earlier. Every day vast number of children all over the world take part in sporting activities of recreational or competitive type in public spaces, schools, sport clubs or in other organisations. Those activities are supported and encouraged by their parents, numerous coaches, sport officials and other persons. Youth are engaging in sport at much younger age which is based on a fact that physical activity is a childs natural form of motions representing challenge and enjoyment brought by a game. For most of the children physical activities are positive life experiences enabling them to improve personal physical capabilities and their health condition and to develop social relations with others. However, there are also children whose engagement in sport is tied with adverse, even traumatic experiences as a result of discrimination, violence, abuse, exploitation, excessive coaching, impairment of health and undue influence to psychosocial and motorial abilities or education. All public authorities and participants in sport must decisively combat these adverse phenomena using relevant legal and social instruments. Sport in all forms must be individually accessible to every child without discrimination enabling equal opportunities for boys and girls with due respect to requirements of particular age. In this paper, the author points out the welfare that sport engagement brings to children considering typical forms of child abuse in sport and measures that need to be taken in order to protect children from various forms of discrimination, violence, abuse and exploitation in sport. The author also shows measures taken in that context at the international level, as well as accepted solutions from the Law on Sport of the Republic of Serbia adopted in 2016 concerning special protection of children in sport.
Establishing rules lies at the heart of sport. Furthermore, it can be said that legal order allows only such sporting activity that is carried out according to defined rules. This is mostly followed ...by foundation of associations and organisations dedicated to particular sport. Acknowledging sport by the public authorities as a space suitable for autonomous arrangement of sports organisations gives special importance to sports rules. However, in order to have autonomy of sports organisations complementary to the role of public authority in the area of sport, it must be grounded in the principles of democracy, solidarity and good management in sport keeping sport independent of any political or economic manipulation including excessive commercialisation. Since contemporary sport is dominantly based on pyramidal structure or federal system based upon recognised sports associations (federations) organised at national and international level by the principle „one sport – one association“, it is quite understandable that sports rules adopted by sports association ranked at international level on the top of the pyramid have monopolistic position as a support for autonomous functioning of whole system of particular sport, as well as considerable limiting factor in making autonomous decisions at lower levels of sports organising. Sports associations use sports rules often followed by serious sanctions to preserve their dominant status. In his paper, the author considers legal nature and legal enforceability of international sports rules at national level for sports organisations, public authorities, as well as judiciary. The author particularly points out to the problem of so-called dynamic addressing to sports rules of international sports associations through statutory provisions of national and lower sports associations and the position of German case-law on impossibility of such way to provide legal obligatoriness of international sports rules at the national level.
Utvrđivanje pravila leži u samom biću sporta. Može se čak reći da pravni poredak dopušta samo onu sportsku aktivnost koja se odvija prema utvrđenim pravilima. Sa ovim je većinom povezano i osnivanje udruženja i saveza za konkretan sport. Priznavanje sporta od strane javnih vlasti kao prostora prepuštenog autonomnom regulisanju od strane sportskih organizacija, daje sportskim pravilima poseban značaj. Da bi, međutim, autonomija sportskih organizacija bila komplementarna sa ulogom javnih vlasti u oblasti sporta, ona se mora temeljiti na principima demokratije, solidarnosti i dobrog upravljanja u sportu, uz očuvanje nezavisnosti sportskog pokreta od svake političke i ekonomske manipulacije, uključujući i preteranu komercijalizaciju. Kako se savremeni sport dominanto temelji na piramidalnoj strukturi, odnosno federalnom sistemu koji se bazira na priznatim sportskim savezima (federacijama) organizovanim na nacionalnom i međunarodnom nivou po principu „jedna sport jedan savez“, to je sasvim razumljivo da su sportska pravila koja donosi sportski savez koji je na međunarodnom nivou na vrhu piramide, i ima monopolski položaj, kako potpora autonomnom funkcionisanju celokupnog sistema određenog sporta tako i veliki ograničavajući faktor u ostvarivanju autonomnog odlučivanja na nižim nivoima sportskog organizovanja. Upravo pomoću sportskih pravila, koja često propisuju ozbiljne sankcije, međunarodni sporski savezi nastoje da očuvaju svoj dominantni status. Autor u radu razmatra pravnu prirodu i pravnu obaveznost sportskih pravila međunarodnih sportskih saveza na nacionalnom nivou, kako za sportske organizacije tako i javne vlasti i pravosudne organe. Autor posebno ukazuje na problem tzv. dinamičkog upućivanja na sportska pravila međunarodnih sportskih saveza kroz statutarne odredbe nacionalnih i nižih sportskih saveza, i na stav nemačke sudske prakse o nedopuštenosti takvog načina obezbeđenja pravne obaveznosti međunarodnih sportskih pravila na nacionalnom nivou.
Utvrđivanje pravila leži u samom biću sporta. Može se čak reći da pravni poredak dopušta samo onu sportsku aktivnost koja se odvija prema utvrđenim pravilima. Sa ovim je većinom povezano i osnivanje ...udruženja i saveza za konkretan sport. Priznavanje sporta od strane javnih vlasti kao prostora prepuštenog autonomnom regulisanju od strane sportskih organizacija, daje sportskim pravilima poseban značaj. Da bi, međutim, autonomija sportskih organizacija bila komplementarna sa ulogom javnih vlasti u oblasti sporta, ona se mora temeljiti na principima demokratije, solidarnosti i dobrog upravljanja u sportu, uz očuvanje nezavisnosti sportskog pokreta od svake političke i ekonomske manipulacije, uključujući i preteranu komercijalizaciju. Kako se savremeni sport dominanto temelji na piramidalnoj strukturi, odnosno federalnom sistemu koji se bazira na priznatim sportskim savezima (federacijama) organizovanim na nacionalnom i međunarodnom nivou po principu „jedna sport jedan savez“, to je sasvim razumljivo da su sportska pravila koja donosi sportski savez koji je na međunarodnom nivou na vrhu piramide, i ima monopolski položaj, kako potpora autonomnom funkcionisanju celokupnog sistema određenog sporta tako i veliki ograničavajući faktor u ostvarivanju autonomnog odlučivanja na nižim nivoima sportskog organizovanja. Upravo pomoću sportskih pravila, koja često propisuju ozbiljne sankcije, međunarodni sporski savezi nastoje da očuvaju svoj dominantni status. Autor u radu razmatra pravnu prirodu i pravnu obaveznost sportskih pravila međunarodnih sportskih saveza na nacionalnom nivou, kako za sportske organizacije tako i javne vlasti i pravosudne organe. Autor posebno ukazuje na problem tzv. dinamičkog upućivanja na sportska pravila međunarodnih sportskih saveza kroz statutarne odredbe nacionalnih i nižih sportskih saveza, i na stav nemačke sudske prakse o nedopuštenosti takvog načina obezbeđenja pravne obaveznosti međunarodnih sportskih pravila na nacionalnom nivou.
One of the most significant issues in contemporary professional sport is a problem of training compensation payment to the sport clubs where a player had being trained before he moved to another club ...and particularly before making of his first professional contract. This is designated as compensation for training or so-called compensation for players development. Such problem is closely related to the issues of development and improvement of young players as well as keeping the stability of a concluded contract. On one hand, obligation to pay training compensation is the obstacle for freedom of contract of the player who is not bound by a contract, but on the other side it encourages sports organisations in searching for the new talents and young players who will be trained. In his paper, tha author exposes and considers solutions that have been adopted regarding this issue in legislation and sports rules of Croatia, Serbia and Germany, especially in football, as well as the attitudes of the European Court of Justice and German courts on compatibility of the obligation to pay training compensation with freedom of competition, freedom of movement and freedom of choosing the employment.
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