The paper presents a new view of vector physical quantities as multicomponent quantities. Each of the components of the mentioned multicomponent quantities can carry important and even unique ...information about the sources and causes of their occurrence. Looking at the vector quantity as the multicomponent quantity led to the need to form the corresponding conception. There are three positions of this conception in this paper, which are formulated as follows: vector multicomponent physical quantities are considered as functions of the set of their constituent information components; the communication functions of the specified information components in the models of multicomponent physical quantities are determined by the laws of vector algebra; information models of vector multicomponent physical quantities allow an alternative representation of information components depending on the selected coordinate system.
The mathematical model of the vector multicomponent physical quantity is presented. This model is fundamental and directly follows from the positions of the conception formulated above. This model can be applied to describe multicomponent displacements and deformations that both simple and complex objects undergo. An example of the complex object can be the manipulator of the universal industrial robot. The space for modeling multicomponent displacements of simple objects was shown in the paper. Information models of vector multicomponent physical quantities allow one to alternatively represent informative components. And the task of constructing such models is complex and ambiguous. Therefore, the formal apparatus for the synthesis of such models, which is based on certain rules and conventions, was proposed in the paper. The theoretical foundations of the method of optical measurements of informative components of multicomponent displacements and deformations of simple objects, which involves the use of multidimensional test objects, are presented.
The process of interaction of a bronze insert placed in a lost foam mold with liquid steel filling this mold and thus producing a bimetallic part is investigated. It has been established that for a ...strong connection of metals, melting of the bronze insert and joint sequential cooling and solidification of the metals are required. Numerical method for determining the filling temperature and the mass of liquid steel for a certain bronze insert has been developed; various filling options have been considered. Experimental research on the production of bimetallic parts (blanks for slide nuts) by lost foam casting has been carried out. The possibility of producing bimetallic bronze-steel parts of sufficient strength (when the design conditions of filling are met) has been confirmed. The connection surface of the alloys is even, no cracks were found.
The possibility of obtaining bimetallic steel castings by the lost foam casting method is demonstrated, in which an insert of special steel is placed in an expanded polystyrene mold. Bottom casting ...is used. With the optimum choice of the casting temperature, fusion of the steels is guaranteed and there is no warping of flat inserts. Stages of bimetallic casting formation are considered and the parameters affecting filling of the mold and ensuring the production of a finished casting are determined. It is shown that the heat treatment of objects with air cooling provides hardness of 20–46 HRC for steel of 20X13 with different tempering conditions. The technology is recommended for parts of the locking assembly of pipeline fittings and other products where a combination of local special properties and workability is required.
The lipid composition of detergent-resistant membranes (rafts) of mitochondria and chloroplasts from annual runners of the wild halophyte
Halocnemum strobilaceum
was studied for the first time. Raft ...structures was observed in the opalescence band obtained by centrifugation of biological material treated with Triton X-100 detergent in a sucrose gradient. Raft structures differed from chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes by high contents of sterols and cerebrosides and a high degree of unsaturation in fatty acids. In general, the lipid profiles of both membranes and raft structures in chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes had specific lipid compositions.
Abstract
Core conversion requires some evaluation of the reactor safety. Changes to the reactivity worth, shutdown margin, power density and material properties are crucial to the proper functioning ...of the reactor. The focus of this article is to study the neutron flux distribution in the reactor core and radiation damage on candidate clads. The Ghana Research Reactor-1 (GHARR-1) operates at maximum power of 30 kW in order to attain a flux of 1.0× 10
12
n·cm
–2
·s for the high enriched uranium core. Using the GHARR-1 core geometry, considering 348 fuel pins, the multiplication factor (K
eff
) is calculated at enrichments of 10%, 12.5%, 16%, 20%, 30% and 90.2%. The spectrum of neutron flux generated in the 26 group is also calculated at the specified enrichments. The ion/particle interactions with the targets (clad) were studied in the Stopping and Range of Ion in Matter code to establish the best clad material based on recorded defects and vacancies generated. From the calculations and simulations, the best choice from the candidate clads based on the assessment is SiC. The calculation of the fuel campaign length gives 7.5 years. The defects sustained by the prospective clad showed low susceptibility to swelling and other forms of deformation.
The multipurpose and co-generational activities of these floating nuclear power plants (FNPP) have generated enormous attention. An essential parameter that justifies the interest in nuclear power ...reactors is the duration of the fuel campaign. Focus is placed on Th–U fuel cycle in all the calculations. The spectra of neutron flux of the reactor RITM-200 were analyzed for (Th
232
+ U
235
)O
2
and (Th
232
+ U
233
)O
2
fuel dispersion. The fuel campaign duration was then estimated with further studies of the dependency of fuel campaign duration on the fuel element diameter of the two dispersed fuel. The results showed that, replacement of standard fuel with (Th
232
+ U
235
) led to marginal increases in fuel campaign duration and burnup respectively while in the case of (Th
232
+ U
233
), a 44.4 and 59.9% increment is achieved in fuel campaign duration and burnup respective.
Abstract
One of the most effective methods for trapping aerosol particles is the preliminary combination of particles into agglomerates under the action of high-intensity sinusoidal ultrasonic (US) ...oscillations (ultrasonic agglomeration) for further trapping of coarse particles by traditional methods (inertial or gravitational settling, filtration through a porous material, etc.). To date, the effectiveness of ultrasonic agglomeration has been repeatedly proven for particles larger than 2.5 μm. However, ultrasonic agglomeration, based on the known mechanisms of particle interaction, is not very effective when exposed to particles smaller than 2.5 μm and especially less than 1 μm. At the same time, the possibilities of a linear acoustic field are well studied today and it has been established that exposure to a linear acoustic field does not provide effective coagulation of PM2.5 particles. And with an increase in the sound pressure level of a linear acoustic field, coagulated particles (especially when it comes to solid particles) begin to break down. Therefore, the authors proposed to use nonlinear effects, which consist in the formation of vortex acoustic (Eckart) flows that can cause a local increase in the concentration of particles and, consequently, an increase in the efficiency of coagulation. It has been established that the formation of vortex acoustic sweats in the resonant gap can additionally increase the efficiency of ultrasonic coagulation by at least 1.5 times.
The article is dedicated to Russia’s European policy from the formation of the German Empire in 1871 to the beginning of World War I. It examines the historical conditions, reasons, and nature ...of the Russo-French military-political alliance of 1891-1893. The role of Emperor Alexander III in the political rapprochement between Russia and France on an anti-German and anti-Austrian basis is demonstrated. The existence of mutual interest between Russia and France in forming a military-political alliance is revealed. The Bierk Treaty of 1905 between Emperors Wilhelm II and Nicholas II is analyzed, showing that this treaty fundamentally contradicted the development of military-political cooperation between Russia and France and therefore was not implemented. The conclusion is drawn regarding the significance of the Russo-French alliance of the early 1890s for the foreign policy and historical destiny of the Russian Empire. Germany's interest in strengthening its influence on the foreign policy of the Russian Empire is shown. It is proven that Germany’s attempts to attract Russia to its side did not succeed, and Russia maintained its alliance with France, which was more significant for it during the period under consideration, despite the fact that ultimately this alliance led to the involvement of the Russian Empire in a world war.
Effects of 1 M NaCl on the lipid profile of detergent-resistant membranes in chloroplasts and mitochondria of salt-accumulating halophyte plants of family Amaranthaceae,
Salicornia perennans
Willd. ...and
Suaeda salsa
(L.) Pall. were studied. The composition of lipids and fatty acids in detergent-resistant membranes differed from total lipids of chloroplast and mitochondrial membranes by the abundance of cerebrosides and sterols. Under the given salinity level, a manyfold increase in the relative content of cerebrosides was noted in the composition of detergent-resistant chloroplast membranes of
S. perennans
. A similar salinity-related increase in cerebroside content was detected in detergent-resistant mitochondrial membranes of
S. salsa
. The opposite effect was observed for sterols: their relative content decreased under the action of salt. The results indicate that the detergent-resistant membranes are involved in the interactions of chloroplasts and mitochondria in the cell response of halophytes to salinity.
Theoretical substantiation of the physical principle of increasing the efficiency of ultrasonic agglomeration of submicron particles is proposed, which is based on the creation of resonant conditions ...for forming vortex flows in gas gaps. The generated vortex flows lead to a local increase in the concentration of particles, which increases the frequency of collisions and, consequently, the efficiency of agglomeration. A numerical model of this process is proposed. The results of calculations carried out on the basis of the numerical model made it possible to ascertain that the efficiency of agglomeration when creating vibrations by a flexurally oscillating radiator (a collection of vortex flows is formed) is more than four times higher than in the case of creating vibrations using a piston radiator (one little-effective vortex flow is generated).
PDF
