In nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, beta-cell reactive T-helper type 1 (Th1) responses develop spontaneously and gradually spread, creating a cascade of responses that ultimately destroys the ...beta-cells. The diversity of the autoreactive T-cell repertoire creates a major obstacle to the development of therapeutics. We show that even in the presence of established Th1 responses, it is possible to induce autoantigen-specific anti-inflammatory Th2 responses. Immune deviation of T-cell responses to the beta-cell autoantigen glutamate decarboxylase (GAD65), induced an active form of self-tolerance that was associated with an inhibition of disease progression in prediabetic mice and prolonged survival of syngeneic islet grafts in diabetic NOD mice. Thus, modulation of autoantigen-specific Th1/Th2 balances may provide a minimally invasive means of downregulating established pathogenic autoimmune responses.
We present the measurement of Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) from the Lyman-\(\alpha\) (Ly\(\alpha\)) forest of high-redshift quasars with the first-year dataset of the Dark Energy Spectroscopic ...Instrument (DESI). Our analysis uses over \(420\,000\) Ly\(\alpha\) forest spectra and their correlation with the spatial distribution of more than \(700\,000\) quasars. An essential facet of this work is the development of a new analysis methodology on a blinded dataset. We conducted rigorous tests using synthetic data to ensure the reliability of our methodology and findings before unblinding. Additionally, we conducted multiple data splits to assess the consistency of the results and scrutinized various analysis approaches to confirm their robustness. For a given value of the sound horizon (\(r_d\)), we measure the expansion at \(z_{\rm eff}=2.33\) with 2\% precision, \(H(z_{\rm eff}) = (239.2 \pm 4.8) (147.09~{\rm Mpc} /r_d)\) km/s/Mpc. Similarly, we present a 2.4\% measurement of the transverse comoving distance to the same redshift, \(D_M(z_{\rm eff}) = (5.84 \pm 0.14) (r_d/147.09~{\rm Mpc})\) Gpc. Together with other DESI BAO measurements at lower redshifts, these results are used in a companion paper to constrain cosmological parameters.
We present the DESI 2024 galaxy and quasar baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) measurements using over 5.7 million unique galaxy and quasar redshifts in the range 0.1<z<2.1. Divided by tracer type, we ...utilize 300,017 galaxies from the magnitude-limited Bright Galaxy Survey with 0.1<z<0.4, 2,138,600 Luminous Red Galaxies with 0.4<z<1.1, 2,432,022 Emission Line Galaxies with 0.8<z<1.6, and 856,652 quasars with 0.8<z<2.1, over a ~7,500 square degree footprint. The analysis was blinded at the catalog-level to avoid confirmation bias. All fiducial choices of the BAO fitting and reconstruction methodology, as well as the size of the systematic errors, were determined on the basis of the tests with mock catalogs and the blinded data catalogs. We present several improvements to the BAO analysis pipeline, including enhancing the BAO fitting and reconstruction methods in a more physically-motivated direction, and also present results using combinations of tracers. We present a re-analysis of SDSS BOSS and eBOSS results applying the improved DESI methodology and find scatter consistent with the level of the quoted SDSS theoretical systematic uncertainties. With the total effective survey volume of ~ 18 Gpc\(^3\), the combined precision of the BAO measurements across the six different redshift bins is ~0.52%, marking a 1.2-fold improvement over the previous state-of-the-art results using only first-year data. We detect the BAO in all of these six redshift bins. The highest significance of BAO detection is \(9.1\sigma\) at the effective redshift of 0.93, with a constraint of 0.86% placed on the BAO scale. We find our measurements are systematically larger than the prediction of Planck-2018 LCDM model at z<0.8. We translate the results into transverse comoving distance and radial Hubble distance measurements, which are used to constrain cosmological models in our companion paper abridged.
We present cosmological results from the measurement of baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) in galaxy, quasar and Lyman-\(\alpha\) forest tracers from the first year of observations from the Dark ...Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), to be released in the DESI Data Release 1. DESI BAO provide robust measurements of the transverse comoving distance and Hubble rate, or their combination, relative to the sound horizon, in seven redshift bins from over 6 million extragalactic objects in the redshift range \(0.1<z<4.2\). DESI BAO data alone are consistent with the standard flat \(\Lambda\)CDM cosmological model with a matter density \(\Omega_\mathrm{m}=0.295\pm 0.015\). Paired with a BBN prior and the robustly measured acoustic angular scale from the CMB, DESI requires \(H_0=(68.52\pm0.62)\) km/s/Mpc. In conjunction with CMB anisotropies from Planck and CMB lensing data from Planck and ACT, we find \(\Omega_\mathrm{m}=0.307\pm 0.005\) and \(H_0=(67.97\pm0.38)\) km/s/Mpc. Extending the baseline model with a constant dark energy equation of state parameter \(w\), DESI BAO alone require \(w=-0.99^{+0.15}_{-0.13}\). In models with a time-varying dark energy equation of state parametrized by \(w_0\) and \(w_a\), combinations of DESI with CMB or with SN~Ia individually prefer \(w_0>-1\) and \(w_a<0\). This preference is 2.6\(\sigma\) for the DESI+CMB combination, and persists or grows when SN~Ia are added in, giving results discrepant with the \(\Lambda\)CDM model at the \(2.5\sigma\), \(3.5\sigma\) or \(3.9\sigma\) levels for the addition of Pantheon+, Union3, or DES-SN5YR datasets respectively. For the flat \(\Lambda\)CDM model with the sum of neutrino mass \(\sum m_\nu\) free, combining the DESI and CMB data yields an upper limit \(\sum m_\nu < 0.072\) \((0.113)\) eV at 95% confidence for a \(\sum m_\nu>0\) \((\sum m_\nu>0.059)\) eV prior. These neutrino-mass constraints are substantially relaxed in models beyond \(\Lambda\)CDM. Abridged.
In this work we use Lagrangian perturbation theory to analyze the harmonic
space galaxy clustering signal of Bright Galaxy Survey (BGS) and Luminous Red
Galaxies (LRGs) targeted by the Dark Energy ...Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI),
combined with the galaxy--galaxy lensing signal measured around these galaxies
using Dark Energy Survey Year 3 source galaxies. The BGS and LRG galaxies are
extremely well characterized by DESI spectroscopy and, as a result, lens galaxy
redshift uncertainty and photometric systematics contribute negligibly to the
error budget of our ``$2\times2$-point'' analysis. On the modeling side, this
work represents the first application of the \texttt{spinosaurus} code,
implementing an effective field theory model for galaxy intrinsic alignments,
and we additionally introduce a new scheme (\texttt{MAIAR}) for marginalizing
over the large uncertainties in the redshift evolution of the intrinsic
alignment signal. Furthermore, this is the first application of a hybrid
effective field theory (HEFT) model for galaxy bias based on the
$\texttt{Aemulus}\, \nu$ simulations. Our main result is a measurement of the
amplitude of the lensing signal, $S_8=\sigma_8 \left(\Omega_m/0.3\right)^{0.5}
= 0.850^{+0.042}_{-0.050}$, consistent with values of this parameter derived
from the primary CMB. This constraint is artificially improved by a factor of
$51\%$ if we assume a more standard, but restrictive parameterization for the
redshift evolution and sample dependence of the intrinsic alignment signal, and
$63\%$ if we additionally assume the nonlinear alignment model. We show that
when fixing the cosmological model to the best-fit values from Planck PR4 there
is $> 5 \sigma$ evidence for a deviation of the evolution of the intrinsic
alignment signal from the functional form that is usually assumed in cosmic
shear and galaxy--galaxy lensing studies.
We present a high-significance cross-correlation of CMB lensing maps from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) Data Release 6 (DR6) with spectroscopically calibrated luminous red galaxies (LRGs) ...from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). We detect this cross-correlation at a significance of 38\(\sigma\); combining our measurement with the Planck Public Release 4 (PR4) lensing map, we detect the cross-correlation at 50\(\sigma\). Fitting this jointly with the galaxy auto-correlation power spectrum to break the galaxy bias degeneracy with \(\sigma_8\), we perform a tomographic analysis in four LRG redshift bins spanning \(0.4 \le z \le 1.0\) to constrain the amplitude of matter density fluctuations through the parameter combination \(S_8^\times = \sigma_8 \left(\Omega_m / 0.3\right)^{0.4}\). Prior to unblinding, we confirm with extragalactic simulations that foreground biases are negligible and carry out a comprehensive suite of null and consistency tests. Using a hybrid effective field theory (HEFT) model that allows scales as small as \(k_{\rm max}=0.6\) \(h/{\rm Mpc}\), we obtain a 3.3% constraint on \(S_8^\times = \sigma_8 \left(\Omega_m / 0.3\right)^{0.4} = 0.792^{+0.024}_{-0.028}\) from ACT data, as well as constraints on \(S_8^\times(z)\) that probe structure formation over cosmic time. Our result is consistent with the early-universe extrapolation from primary CMB anisotropies measured by Planck PR4 within 1.2\(\sigma\). Jointly fitting ACT and Planck lensing cross-correlations we obtain a 2.7% constraint of \(S_8^\times = 0.776^{+0.019}_{-0.021}\), which is consistent with the Planck early-universe extrapolation within 2.1\(\sigma\), with the lowest redshift bin showing the largest difference in mean. The latter may motivate further CMB lensing tomography analyses at \(z<0.6\) to assess the impact of potential systematics or the consistency of the \(\Lambda\)CDM model over cosmic time.
A search for mixing between active neutrinos and light sterile neutrinos has been performed by looking for muon neutrino disappearance in two detectors at baselines of 1.04 km and 735 km, using a ...combined MINOS and MINOS+ exposure of \(16.36\times10^{20}\) protons-on-target. A simultaneous fit to the charged-current muon neutrino and neutral-current neutrino energy spectra in the two detectors yields no evidence for sterile neutrino mixing using a 3+1 model. The most stringent limit to date is set on the mixing parameter \(\sin^2\theta_{24}\) for most values of the sterile neutrino mass-splitting \(\Delta m^2_{41} > 10^{-4}\) eV\(^2\).
We present the discovery and characterization of six short-period, transiting giant planets from NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) -- TOI-1811 (TIC 376524552), TOI-2025 (TIC ...394050135), TOI-2145 (TIC 88992642), TOI-2152 (TIC 395393265), TOI-2154 (TIC 428787891), & TOI-2497 (TIC 97568467). All six planets orbit bright host stars (8.9 <G< 11.8, 7.7 <K< 10.1). Using a combination of time-series photometric and spectroscopic follow-up observations from the TESS Follow-up Observing Program (TFOP) Working Group, we have determined that the planets are Jovian-sized (R\(_{P}\) = 1.00-1.45 R\(_{J}\)), have masses ranging from 0.92 to 5.35 M\(_{J}\), and orbit F, G, and K stars (4753 \(<\) T\(_{eff}\) \(<\) 7360 K). We detect a significant orbital eccentricity for the three longest-period systems in our sample: TOI-2025 b (P = 8.872 days, \(e\) = \(0.220\pm0.053\)), TOI-2145 b (P = 10.261 days, \(e\) = \(0.182^{+0.039}_{-0.049}\)), and TOI-2497 b (P = 10.656 days, \(e\) = \(0.196^{+0.059}_{-0.053}\)). TOI-2145 b and TOI-2497 b both orbit subgiant host stars (3.8 \(<\) \(\log\) g \(<\)4.0), but these planets show no sign of inflation despite very high levels of irradiation. The lack of inflation may be explained by the high mass of the planets; \(5.35^{+0.32}_{-0.35}\) M\(_{\rm J}\) (TOI-2145 b) and \(5.21\pm0.52\) M\(_{\rm J}\) (TOI-2497 b). These six new discoveries contribute to the larger community effort to use {\it TESS} to create a magnitude-complete, self-consistent sample of giant planets with well-determined parameters for future detailed studies.
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