Livestock has been implicated as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes that can spread to humans when antimicrobials are used in animals for food production to treat clinical diseases ...and prevent and control common disease events. In Vietnam,
mcr-1
-harboring
Escherichia coli
(MCRPEC) strains have been isolated from humans, animals (chickens, pigs, and dogs) feces, flies, foods, and the environment (rainwater, well water, and irrigation water) in communities and from clinical specimens in hospitals. The relationship between levels of AMR in livestock and its occurrence in humans is complex and is driven by many factors. We conducted whole genome sequencing of MCRPEC to analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristics, history, and relatedness of 50 isolates obtained in 2019 from different reservoirs in farms and markets in Ha Nam province, Vietnam. 34 sequence types (STs) with 3 new STs were identified in multilocus sequence typing analysis: ST12945 and ST12946 from chicken feces, and ST12947 from flies. The AMR phenotypes of 50 MCRPEC isolates were as follows: ampicillin (100%, 50/50), cefotaxime (10%, 5/50), gentamicin (60%, 30/50), amikacin (8%, 4/50), meropenem (6%, 3/50), ceftazidime (18%, 9/50), colistin (24%, 12/50) and ciprofloxacin (80%, 40/50). All 50 MCRPEC isolates were identified as MDR. 100% (50/50) isolates carried AMR genes, ranging from 5 to 22 genes. The most prevalent plasmid replicon types carrying
mcr-1
were IncP-1 (17/37, 45.9%), IncX4 (7/37, 18.9%), and IncHI2/IncHI2A (6/37, 16.2%). These data suggest that the epidemiology of the
mcr-1
gene is mostly determined by plasmid spreading instead of clonal dissemination of MCRPE strains. The co-occurrence of several STs such as ST10, ST48, ST155, ST206, ST2705 in various sample types, joined to the higher prevalence of a few types of Inc plasmids, confirms the dissemination of the
mcr-1
carrying plasmids in
E. coli
clones established in livestock. 5 over 8 STs identified in flies (ST206, ST2705, ST155, ST10, and ST48) suggested the fly contribution in the transmission of AMR bacteria in environments. These popular STs also occur in human samples and 100% of the human samples were positive for the
mcr-1
gene.
Rodents and bats are now widely recognised as important sources of zoonotic virus infections in other mammals, including humans. Numerous surveys have expanded our knowledge of diverse viruses in a ...range of rodent and bat species, including their origins, evolution, and range of hosts. In this study of pegivirus and human hepatitis-related viruses, liver and serum samples from Vietnamese rodents and bats were examined by PCR and sequencing. Nucleic acids homologous to human hepatitis B, C, E viruses were detected in liver samples of 2 (1.3%) of 157 bats, 38 (8.1%), and 14 (3%) of 470 rodents, respectively. Hepacivirus-like viruses were frequently detected (42.7%) in the bamboo rat,
, while pegivirus RNA was only evident in 2 (0.3%) of 638 rodent serum samples. Complete or near-complete genome sequences of HBV, HEV and pegivirus homologues closely resembled those previously reported from rodents and bats. However, complete coding region sequences of the rodent hepacivirus-like viruses substantially diverged from all of the currently classified variants and potentially represent a new species in the
genus. Of the viruses identified, their routes of transmission and potential to establish zoonoses remain to be determined.
Abstract
Background
MDR bacteria including carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa are recognized as an important cause of hospital-acquired infections worldwide. This investigation seeks to ...determine the molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance genes associated with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa.
Methods
We conducted WGS and phylogenetic analysis of 72 carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolated from hospital-acquired infection patients from August 2011 to March 2015 in three major hospitals in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Results
We identified three variants of IMP gene, among which blaIMP-15 was the most frequent (n = 34) in comparison to blaIMP-26 (n = 2) and blaIMP-51 (n = 12). We observed two isolates with imipenem MIC >128 mg/L that co-harboured blaIMP-15 and blaDIM-1 genes and seven isolates (imipenem MIC > 128 mg/L) with a blaKPC-1 gene from the same hospital. MLST data shows that these 72 isolates belong to 18 STs and phylogenetic tree analysis has divided these isolates into nine groups.
Conclusions
Our results provide evidence that not only blaIMP-26 but other IMP variants such as blaIMP-15 and blaIMP-51 genes and several STs (ST235, ST244, ST277, ST310, ST773 and ST3151) have been disseminating in healthcare settings in Vietnam. In addition, we report the emergence of two isolates belonging to ST1240 and ST3340 that harboured two important carbapenemase genes (blaIMP-15 and blaDIM-1) and seven isolates belonging to ST3151 of P. aeruginosa that carried the blaKPC-1 gene in Vietnam, which could potentially cause serious restricted availability of treatment options in healthcare settings.
Obesity is one of the top global issues, which induces several serious health consequences both physically and mentally, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, dyslipidemia, eating ...disorders, depression and stress. However, the effective therapy to prevent and treat obesity and overweight, up to now, cannot be found nowadays. Several methods/medicines namely diet control, energy balance, environmental changes, genetic and stem cell therapies, new drugs/chemicals have been extensively studied to enhance the ability to control bodyweight and prevent obesity. Of all the aforementioned methods, green tea, used as a daily beverage, has shown beneficial impacts for the health, especially its anti-obesity effects. Available evidence shows that green tea can interrupt lipid emulsification, reduce adipocyte differentiation, increase thermogenesis, and reduce food intake, thus green tea improves the systemic metabolism and decreases fat mass. Here, we highlight and sum up the update investigations of anti-obesity effect of green tea as well as discuss the potential application of them for preventing obesity and its related metabolic disorders.
Drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) infection is a growing and potent concern, and combating it will be necessary to achieve the WHO's goal of a 95% reduction in TB deaths by 2035. While prior studies ...have explored the evolution and spread of drug resistance, we still lack a clear understanding of the fitness costs (if any) imposed by resistance-conferring mutations and the role that
genetic lineage plays in determining the likelihood of resistance evolution. This study offers insight into these questions by assessing the dynamics of resistance evolution in a high-burden Southeast Asian setting with a diverse lineage composition. It demonstrates that there are clear lineage-specific differences in the dynamics of resistance acquisition and transmission and shows that different lineages evolve resistance via characteristic mutational pathways.
Linezolid is an antibiotic of last resort for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci. Enterococcus faecalis, a member of enterococci, ...is a significant pathogen in nosocomial infections. E. faecalis resistance to linezolid is frequently related to the presence of optrA, which is often co-carried with fex, phenicol exporter genes, and erm genes encoding macrolide resistance. Therefore, the common use of antibiotics in veterinary might promote the occurrence of optrA in livestock settings. This is a cross-sectional study aiming to investigate the prevalence of optrA positive E. faecalis (OPEfs) in 6 reservoirs in farms in Ha Nam province, Vietnam, and its associated factors and to explore genetic relationships of OPEfs isolates. Among 639 collected samples, the prevalence of OPEfs was highest in flies, 46.8% (51/109), followed by chickens 37.3% (72/193), dogs 33.3% (17/51), humans 18.7% (26/139), wastewater 16.4% (11/67) and pigs 11.3%, (14/80). The total feeding area and total livestock unit of the farm were associated with the presence of OPEfs in chickens, flies, and wastewater. Among 186 OPEfs strains, 86% were resistant to linezolid. The presence of optrA was also related to the resistant phenotype against linezolid and levofloxacin of E. faecalis isolates. Close genotypic relationships identified by Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis between OPEfs isolates recovered from flies and other reservoirs including chickens, pigs, dogs, and wastewater suggested the role of flies in the transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogens. These results provided warnings of linezolid resistance although it is not used in livestock.
Half of diarrhea hospitalizations in children aged <5 years in Vietnam are due to rotavirus. Following introduction of a locally developed and licensed oral rotavirus vaccine, Rotavin-M1, into the ...routine immunization program in two Vietnamese provinces, Nam Dinh and TT Hue, we describe changes in rotavirus positivity among children hospitalized for diarrhea and calculate vaccine effectiveness against moderate-to-severe rotavirus hospitalizations.
Active rotavirus surveillance among children <5 years began in December 2016 at sentinel hospitals in districts where rotavirus vaccine was introduced in December 2017. To estimate reductions in rotavirus detection, we calculated risk ratios comparing rotavirus positivity pre- and post-vaccine introduction. We used a test-negative case–control design to calculate vaccine effectiveness.
From December 2016 to May 2021, 7228 children <5 years hospitalized for diarrhea were enrolled. Following introduction, Rotavin-M1 coverage was 77% (1066/1377) in Nam Dinh and 42% (203/489) in TT Hue. In Nam Dinh, rotavirus positivity among children <5 years significantly declined by 40.6% (95% CI: 34.8%–45.8%) during the three-year post-vaccine introduction period. In TT Hue, no change in rotavirus positivity was observed. Among children aged 6–23 months, a 2-dose series of Rotavin-M1 was 57% (95% CI: 39%–70%) effective against moderate-to-severe rotavirus hospitalizations.
Higher vaccination coverage in Nam Dinh than TT Hue likely contributed to substantial declines in rotavirus positivity observed in Nam Dinh following rotavirus vaccine introduction. Robust vaccine effectiveness was observed through the second year of life. National rotavirus vaccine introduction with high coverage may have substantial impact on reducing rotavirus disease burden in Vietnam.
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Purpose: Most emerging-market countries are concerned about the technology boom, which is accompanied by an increase in revenue from online sales and services. This finding has been demonstrated ...during the COVID-19 pandemic; however, is this tendency continuing in the new normal, and what factors are driving the increase in consumer decisions? The purpose of this research is to investigate how the decision to utilize online services will be affected in the new normal as well as propose a new research approach in this field. Research Design, Methodology and Approach: By following a deductive research method associated with positivist philosophy, a survey in South Vietnam with 426 respondents using a convenience sampling method was conducted. The reliability of the measurement scales was examined by using the SPSS program. The SmartPLS programme was utilised to assess the measurement and structural models as well as test hypotheses by using partial least squares structural equation modelling. Results: According to the research findings, decision-making has been impacted by social influences, perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, perceived trust, perceived price, and perceived convenience. Conclusions: The research results also bring significant contributions not only in practice in providing management implications but also in theory. The research model has also demonstrated the feasibility of employing the stimuli-organism-response framework and combining the theory of perceived risk with the technology acceptance model via the explanation of decision-making. KCI Citation Count: 0
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