ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: In the paper, the authors present certain parameters dealing with the nomadic element, or possible indications of it, in Croatian ethnogenesis. First, a comment is given on the ...ethnogenetic concept itself, and a working definition of ethnogenesis is suggested. Second, the major components that are considered to have had a role in Croatian ethnogenesis are listed. This discussion is followed by an identification of those elements that could somehow be considered nomadic, or else representative of influences from the Eurasian steppe region. Mention is made of historical sources that confirm or imply the presence of Eurasian nomad groups in the Croatian area, and the relative frequency of archaeological material is noted. The authors analise views of previous and present Croatian and foreign authors on Croatian ethnogenesis, especially in regard to the 'Eurasian connection'. In this part of the discussion, the Iranian theory of Croat origins is presented in more detail. Finally, the authors briefly address recent genetic (DNA) analyses of the contemporary Croatian population. // ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: Le présent article s'efforce d'exposer certains paramètres liés à l'élément nomade ou indices de la présence d'un élément nomade dans l'ethnogénèse croate. Tout d'abord, les auteurs commentent le concept même d'ethnogénèse et suggèrent une définition de travail de l'ethnogénèse, après quoi ils passent en revue les composantes considérées comme ayant joué un rôle dans l'ethnogénèse croate. Ils identifient les éléments qui peuvent de quelque manière être considérés comme nomades ou reflétant les influences de la steppe eurasiatique, et mentionne les sources historiques qui confirment ou supposent la présence de groupes nomades eurasiatiques sur le territoire croate, avec pour étai la relative fréquence de matériaux archéologiques. Les auteurs se penchent sur les positions des auteurs croates et étrangers passés et présents quant à l'ethnogénèse croate, en particulier quant au «lien eurasiatique», et présentent de façon détaillée la théorie de l'origine iranienne des Croates. Enfin, les auteurs exposent les résultats des analyses génétiques les plus récentes (ADN) parmi la population croate contemporaine. Reprinted by permission of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb
In this paper the author examines the situation of the Roma minority in present-day Hungary. First
he gives a short overview, summarizing Roma history in all of Europe from the time of their arrival, ...especially in regard to Hungary. He presents general information on the language and on some culturalcivilisational traits of the Roma in the past and compares former assimilational tendencies formulated in the atmosphere of enlightened absolutism with similar tendencies that appeared and were implemented in many European countries in the more recent period. The author directs special attention to the economic, social and educational aspects of the Roma theme in Hungary, and presents some indications concerning the images the Hungarian majority has of the Roma minority. To a certain degree he analyses the structure of prejudices towards the Roma, in relation to the social strata from which they come. Most of his data derives from research conducted on the theme of the Roma in Hungary during the last fifteen years. The question of the educational structure of the Roma population is analysed primarily in regard to how much it enables employment. A poor educational structure and the impossibility to find employment are indicated as the main problems preventing the full integration of the Roma into present-day Hungarian society. Finally, the author analyses the role of civil society associations in resolving the problems of the Roma, with a special note on strictly Roma organisations as forms of minority self-government.
Some examples are given also of the penetration of modern mass culture into the collective cultural
identificational code of the Roma minority. These cultural elements, alongside Roma traditions that
are still maintained and nurtured, help to increase the self-consciousness of the Roma, but they also stimulate interests in the rest of the population and in this way sensitivise the general population towards the Roma theme.
In this paper the author examines the situation of the Roma minority in present-day Hungary. First he gives a short overview, summarizing Roma history in all of Europe from the time of their arrival, ...especially in regard to Hungary. He presents general information on the language and on some cultural-civilisational traits of the Roma in the past and compares former assimilational tendencies formulated in the atmosphere of enlightened absolutism with similar tendencies that appeared and were implemented in many European countries in the more recent period. The author directs special attention to the economic, social and educational aspects of the Roma theme in Hungary, and presents some indications concerning the images the Hungarian majority has of the Roma minority. To a certain degree he analyses the structure of prejudices towards the Roma, in relation to the social strata from which they come. Most of his data derives from research conducted on the theme of the Roma in Hungary during the last fifteen years. The question of the educational structure of the Roma population is analysed primarily in regard to how much it enables employment. A poor educational structure and the impossibility to find employment are indicated as the main problems preventing the full integration of the Roma into present-day Hungarian society. Finally, the author analyses the role of civil society associations in resolving the problems of the Roma, with a special note on strictly Roma organisations as forms of minority self-government. Some examples are given also of the penetration of modern mass culture into the collective cultural identificational code of the Roma minority. These cultural elements, alongside Roma traditions that are still maintained and nurtured, help to increase the self-consciousness of the Roma, but they also stimulate interests in the rest of the population and in this way sensitivise the general population towards the Roma theme.
In the paper, the authors present certain parameters dealing with the nomadic element, or possible
indications of it, in Croatian ethnogenesis. First, a comment is given on the ethnogenetic concept
...itself, and a working definition of ethnogenesis is suggested. Second, the major components that are considered to have had a role in Croatian ethnogenesis are listed. This discussion is followed by an identification of those elements that could somehow be considered nomadic, or else representative of influences from the Eurasian steppe region. Mention is made of historical sources that confirm or imply the presence of Eurasian nomad groups in the Croatian area, and the relative frequency of archaeological material is noted. The authors analise views of previous and present Croatian and foreign authors on Croatian ethnogenesis, especially in regard to the “Eurasian connection”. In this part of the discussion, the Iranian theory of Croat origins is presented in more detail. Finally, the authors briefly address recent genetic (DNA) analyses of the contemporary Croatian population.
In his essay the author discusses the life and work of Nikola Matija Iljanović, an imperial soldier from the 17th century and the author of a short document on the Ottoman Empire published in Vienna ...in 1679. Until now nothing has been written on Iljanović, which can be explained by the fact his work on the Ottoman Empire isn’t large and it doesn’t give any new or interesting views on the internal structure of the Empire during the 17th century. As a result of the fact that nobody has concerned himself with Iljanović there is absolutely no mention of him in any special literature. The only place where you can find any facts concerning his person is a list of Croatian authors that wrote in latin, that was made by Šime Jurić, Zlatko Herkov and Dane Čučković.
Even the life of the author remained until recent a complete mystery. However, the author of this article has found in the archives of Vienna (the Kriegsarchiv and the Hofkammerarchiv) a lot of material concerning the last period of Iljanović’s life (late 17th century). Documents on Iljanović tell us a very fascinating tale of his life in that period of time and mention contacts he had with famous people who had excellent contacts at court (Kollonitsch, Meninski), people with whom he also occasionally disagreed. All that material, nevertheless, does not help us to unrevel the life and ways of the author of Relatio status Ottomanicae domus.
Since it was already very difficult, in spite of all archival research, to unrevel the myterious life of Iljanović, the author of this article has tried to analize each and every part of his work and critically evaluate it by placing it in a historical context. After the part where the author gives an overview of most important literal works on the Ottoman Empire, that were existed in Croatia from the 15th century until the end of the 17th century, the author concentrates on fact concerning the Ottoman Empire that are mentioned in Iljanović’s work. In doing so he tries to compare them with facts that are mentioned by contemporary Ottoman literature. It is very interesting to notice that IljanoviÊ in fact does mention rather accurately different court-services of the Serail, with their names in the Turco-Ottoman language. The geographical
discription of the Ottoman empire, nevertheless, has a lot of faults and wrongly written names of places and regions.
At the end of Iljanović’s work is the Exhortatio contra Turcam, a belligent speech by Iljanović with which he urges emperor Leopold I - to whom he has dedicated his work - to make war against the Turks and expel them from Europe. This speech is written in the classical humanist sense of the “anti-Turkish speeches” and contains all stereotypes that are usually mentioned in simular works from the first time they began to appear as a specific genre at the beginning of the 15th century.
U ovom radu pisac analizira uzroke koji su doveli do ustanka Franje II. Rákόczija (1703.-1711.) s posebnim osvrtom na vjersko pitanje kao jedan od ključnih momenata koji su pridonijeli razbuktavanju ...Ustanka. Odnos Rákόczijeva tabora prema protestantima bio je jedan od ključnih momenata koji su mogli odlučiti o uspjehu ili neuspjehu Ustanka, ali isto tako i odnos prema erdeljskim Rumunjima i Srbima (Racima) iz južne Ugarske. Rákόczijev neuspjeh da na pravi način riješi vjersko pitanje, kao i političko i socijalno, jedan je od uzroka konačnog neuspjeha Ustanka.
ABSTRACT IN ENGLISH: In this paper the author examines the situation of the Roma minority in present-day Hungary. First he gives a short overview, summarizing Roma history in all of Europe from the ...time of their arrival, especially in regard to Hungary. He presents general information on the language and on some cultural-civilisational traits of the Roma in the past and compares former assimilational tendencies formulated in the atmosphere of enlightened absolutism with similar tendencies that appeared and were implemented in many European countries in the more recent period. The author directs special attention to the economic, social and educational aspects of the Roma theme in Hungary, and presents some indications concerning the images the Hungarian majority has of the Roma minority. To a certain degree he analyses the structure of prejudices towards the Roma, in relation to the social strata from which they come. Most of his data derives from research conducted on the theme of the Roma in Hungary during the last fifteen years. The question of the educational structure of the Roma population is analysed primarily in regard to how much it enables employment. A poor educational structure and the impossibility to find employment are indicated as the main problems preventing the full integration of the Roma into present-day Hungarian society. Finally, the author analyses the role of civil society associations in resolving the problems of the Roma, with a special note on strictly Roma organisations as forms of minority self-government. Some examples are given also of the penetration of modern mass culture into the collective cultural identificational code of the Roma minority. These cultural elements, alongside Roma traditions that are still maintained and nurtured, help to increase the self-consciousness of the Roma, but they also stimulate interests in the rest of the population and in this way sensitivise the general population towards the Roma theme. // ABSTRACT IN FRENCH: L'auteur traite la situation de la minorité rom dans la Hongrie d'aujourd'hui. Dans un premier temps, il dresse un bref panorama de l'histoire des Roms en Europe, depuis leur installation dans cette région du monde, et plus particulièrement en Hongrie. L'auteur donne des données générales sur la langue et certaines particularités culturelles et civilisationnelles des Roms dans le passé. Il établit un rapport entre les tendances à l'assimilation d'autrefois, formulées dans le climat de l'absolutisme éclairé, et les tendances comparables conçues et mises en pratique dans nombre de pays européens au cours de l'histoire récente. L'auteur se penche particulièrement sur l'aspect économique, social et éducatif de la problématique rom en Hongrie, et mentionne quelques traits de la conception qu'a la majorité hongroise de la minorité rom. Il esquisse une analyse de la structure des préjugés sur les Roms en fonction des classes sociales dont ils somi issus. La plupart des données mentionnées est puisée aux résultats des recherches menées sur la thématique rom en Hongrie au cours des quinze dernières années. La question de la structure éducative de la population rom est traitée tout d'abord en fonction de son impact sur l'emploi. Le faible niveau d'éducation mis en lumière par structure de cette population et sa difficulté à trouver un emploi sont dénoncés comme étant les principaux facteurs entravant la complète intégration des Roms dans la société hongroise actuelle. Pour finir, l'auteur analyse aussi le rôle des associations de la société civile dans la recherche de solutions à la problématique rom, en se penche plus particulièrement sur les organisations strictement roms, telles les associations d'autogestion. L'auteur cite des exemples de pénétration de certaines formes de culture contemporaine de masse dans le code d'identification culturel collectif de la minorité rom. Ces nouveaux éléments culturologiques, associés à la tradition rom, qui continue d'être sauvegardée et cultivée, contribuent à raffermir la confiance en soi des Roms, mais aussi à éveiller l'intérêt du reste de la population, qui est ainsi sensibilisée à la thématique rom.. Reprinted by permission of the Institute for Migration and Ethnic Studies, Zagreb
In the paper, the authors present certain parameters dealing with the nomadic element, or possible indications of it, in Croatian ethnogenesis. First, a comment is given on the ethnogenetic concept ...itself, and a working definition of ethnogenesis is suggested. Second, the major components that are considered to have had a role in Croatian ethnogenesis are listed. This discussion is followed by an identification of those elements that could somehow be considered nomadic, or else representative of influences from the Eurasian steppe region. Mention is made of historical sources that confirm or imply the presence of Eurasian nomad groups in the Croatian area, and the relative frequency of archaeological material is noted. The authors analyze views of previous and present Croatian and foreign authors on Croatian ethnogenesis, especially in regard to the "Eurasian connection." In this part of the discussion, the Iranian theory of Croat origins is presented in more detail. Finally, the authors briefly address recent genetic (DNA) analyses of the contemporary Croatian population. Adapted from the source document.
Doseljavanje Vlaha na hrvatske prostore pa tako i na šire područje Ogulina, prekretnica
je u promjeni dotadašnje etničke i vjerske strukture tog područja. Vlasi su skupni naziv
za više manjih srodnih ...etničkih grupa (Cincara, Morlaka i drugih) s prostora jugoistočne
Europe, potomaka rimskih kolonista i romaniziranih domaćih antičkih naroda
poput Ilira i Tračana. Naseljavanje tih nomadskih naroda, koji u vjerskom smislu većinom
pripadaju istočnom (pravoslavnom) obredu, posljedica je osmanskih osvajanja, a
njihova uloga bila je, uz to da se demografski obnove ratom opustošeni prostori, i čuvanje
granice prema Osmanskom Carstvu. Posljedica naseljavanja bila je velika promjena
etničke, konfesionalne i jezične strukture prostora koji naseljavaju (posebice kad se uzme
u obzir razdoblje prije osmanskih osvajanja) pa tako i ogulinskog kraja, odnosno Ogulinske
pukovnije kao sastavnog dijela Vojne krajine.
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