In this trial, the addition of six cycles of docetaxel to androgen-deprivation therapy resulted in longer median progression-free and overall survival than that with ADT alone in patients with ...metastatic prostate cancer.
Regressions of metastatic prostate cancer were first documented in the 1940s and were achieved with surgical castration; subsequently, androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) became the mainstay of therapy.
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Attempts to improve the efficacy or decrease the treatment burden of ADT have included the use of antiandrogens alone, intermittent dosing of ADT, and the use of an antiandrogen combined with medical or surgical castration.
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A meta-analysis revealed an increase in survival of 3 percentage points at 5 years with concurrent use of a nonsteroidal antiandrogen at the time of initiation of ADT.
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However, resistance to ADT occurs in most patients, with the . . .
In this review, we firstly overview the photocatalytic fundamentals, crystal structures, coordination environments and characteristics of metal halide perovskite (MHP) photocatalysts. Then, the novel ...strategies for MHP photocatalyst design, such as morphology regulation, heterojunction construction, surface/interface modification and material encapsulation are summarized. Additionally, advanced progresses for MHPs in hydrogen evolution, carbon dioxide reduction, organics degradation and nitric oxide removal are introduced. In the end, the current challenges and outlooks of MHP photocatalysts in environment and energy are presented.
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•Fundamentals, crystal structures, coordination environments and characteristics of metal halide perovskite photocatalysts for photocatalysis are introduced.•Universal strategies for boosting the photocatalytic activity and stability of metal halide perovskites are summarized.•Advanced progresses for metal halide perovskites in photocatalytic H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, organics degradation and NO removal are presented.•Challenges and prospects of metal halide perovskite photocatalysts in environment and energy are discussed.
Photocatalytic technologies have been widely considered as ideal ways to deal with the energy shortage and environmental crisis. Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are recognized as a new generation of photocatalysts on account of their tunable band gap, low binding energy, wide visible-light absorption range, high photoluminescence quantum yield and fast carrier transfer. However, the development of efficient MHP photocatalysts has also encountered challenges. MHPs with ionic crystal structures are difficult to stabilize under water, oxygen atmosphere and high temperatures, as well as the serious recombination of photogenerated electrons-holes and weak oxidation activity during photocatalysis. Herein, we overview recent advances and developments for MHPs in photocatalysis, including H2 evolution, CO2 reduction, organic pollutant degradation and NO removal. In the beginning, the photocatalytic fundamentals, crystal structures, coordination environments and characteristics of MHP photocatalysts have been discussed. In order to overcome the severe charge recombination, poor stability and lack of active sites of MHPs, various design strategies for efficient MHP photocatalysts are presented, such as morphology regulation, heterojunction construction, surface/interface modification and material encapsulation. In the end, the current challenges and outlooks of MHP photocatalysts are provided to highlight the glorious future and significant position of MHP materials for photocatalytic applications.
Photocatalytic organic reactions, harvesting solar energy to produce high value-added organic chemicals, have attracted increasing attention as a sustainable approach to address the global energy ...crisis and environmental issues. Reticular framework materials, including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), are widely considered as promising candidates for photocatalysis owing to their high crystallinity, tailorable pore environment and extensive structural diversity. Although the design and synthesis of MOFs and COFs have been intensively developed in the last 20 years, their applications in photocatalytic organic transformations are still in the preliminary stage, making their systematic summary necessary. Thus, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding and useful guidelines for the exploration of suitable MOF and COF photocatalysts towards appropriate photocatalytic organic reactions. The commonly used reactions are categorized to facilitate the identification of suitable reaction types. From a practical viewpoint, the fundamentals of experimental design, including active species, performance evaluation and external reaction conditions, are discussed in detail for easy experimentation. Furthermore, the latest advances in photocatalytic organic reactions of MOFs and COFs, including their composites, are comprehensively summarized according to the actual active sites, together with the discussion of their structure-property relationship. We believe that this study will be helpful for researchers to design novel reticular framework photocatalysts for various organic synthetic applications.
Photocatalytic organic reactions, harvesting solar energy to produce high value-added organic chemicals, have attracted increasing attention as a sustainable approach to address the global energy crisis and environmental issues.
The employment of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) untargeted and targeted metabolomics has led to the discovery of novel biomarkers and improved the understanding of various disease ...mechanisms. Numerous strategies have been reported to expand the metabolite coverage in LC-MS-untargeted and targeted metabolomics. To improve the sensitivity of low-abundance or poor-ionized metabolites for reducing the amount of clinical sample, chemical derivatization methods are used to target different functional groups. Proper sample preparation is beneficial for reducing the matrix effect, maintaining the stability of the LC-MS system, and increasing the metabolite coverage. Machine learning has recently been integrated into the workflow of LC-MS metabolomics to accelerate metabolite identification and data-processing automation, and increase the accuracy of disease classification and clinical outcome prediction. Due to the rapidly growing utility of LC-MS metabolomics in discovering disease markers, this review will address the recent advances in the field and offer perspectives on various strategies for expanding metabolite coverage, chemical derivatization, sample preparation, clinical disease markers, and machining learning for disease modeling.
Increases in ambient temperatures have been a severe threat to crop production in many countries around the world under climate change. Chloroplasts serve as metabolic centers and play a key role in ...physiological adaptive processes to heat stress. In addition to expressing heat shock proteins that protect proteins from heat-induced damage, metabolic reprogramming occurs during adaptive physiological processes in chloroplasts. Heat stress leads to inhibition of plant photosynthetic activity by damaging key components functioning in a variety of metabolic processes, with concomitant reductions in biomass production and crop yield. In this review article, we will focus on events through extensive and transient metabolic reprogramming in response to heat stress, which included chlorophyll breakdown, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), antioxidant defense, protein turnover, and metabolic alterations with carbon assimilation. Such diverse metabolic reprogramming in chloroplasts is required for systemic acquired acclimation to heat stress in plants.
Efficient adsorptive separation of propylene/propane (C3H6/C3H8) is highly desired and challenging. Known strategies focus on either the thermodynamic or the kinetic mechanism. Here, we report an ...interesting reactivity of a metal–organic framework that improves thermodynamic and kinetic adsorption selectivity simultaneously. When the metal–organic framework is heated under oxygen flow, half of the soft methylene bridges of the organic ligands are selectively oxidized to form the more polar and rigid carbonyl bridges. Mixture breakthrough experiments showed drastic increase of C3H6/C3H8 selectivity from 1.5 to 15. For comparison, the C3H6/C3H8 selectivities of the best‐performing metal–organic frameworks Co‐MOF‐74 and KAUST‐7 were experimentally determined to be 6.5 and 12, respectively. Gas adsorption isotherms/kinetics, single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, and computational simulations revealed that the oxidation gives additional guest recognition sites, which improve thermodynamic selectivity, and reduces the framework flexibility, which generate kinetic selectivity.
Tailoring with O2: When a flexible metal–organic framework is heated in a flow of oxygen, half of the organic ligands are selectively oxidized, thereby adding guest recognition sites and reducing the flexibility of the pores. As a result, the thermodynamic and kinetic selectivity for propylene/propane separation improve simultaneously.
Considering that CO2 reduction is mostly a multielectron reaction, it is necessary for the photocatalysts to integrate multiple catalytic sites and cooperate synergistically to achieve efficient ...photocatalytic CO2 reduction to various products, such as C2 hydrocarbons. Herein, through crystal engineering, we designed and constructed a metal–organic framework‐derived Zr/Ti bimetallic oxide solid solution support, which was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. After anchoring Au nanoparticles, the composite photocatalyst exhibited excellent performances toward photocatalytic CO2 reduction to syngas (H2 and CO production rates of 271.6 and 260.6 μmol g−1 h−1) and even C2 hydrocarbons (C2H4 and C2H6 production rates of 6.80 and 4.05 μmol g−1 h−1). According to the control experiments and theoretical calculations, the strong interaction between bimetallic oxide solid solution support and Au nanoparticles was found to be beneficial for binding intermediates and reducing CO2 reduction, highlighting the synergy effect of the catalytic system with multiple active sites.
Through crystal engineering and MOF derivation, the Zr/Ti bimetallic oxide solid solution anchored with Au nanoparticles can be elaborately designed and synthesized to integrate multiple active sites, achieving photocatalytic CO2 reduction to syngas and eventually C2 hydrocarbons under simulated solar light irradiation.
Conventional adsorbents preferentially adsorb the small, high-polarity, and unsaturated 1,3-butadiene molecule over the other C₄ hydrocarbons from which it must be separated. We show from ...single-crystal x-ray diffraction and computational simulation that a hydrophilic metal-organic framework, Zn₂(btm)₂, where H₂btm is bis(5-methyl-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)methane, has quasi-discrete pores that can induce conformational changes in the flexible guest molecules, weakening 1,3-butadiene adsorption through a large bending energy penalty. In a breakthrough operation at ambient temperature and pressure, this guest conformation–controlling adsorbent eluted 1,3-butadiene first, then butane, butene, and isobutene. Thus, 1,3-butadiene can be efficiently purified (≥99.5%) while avoiding high-temperature conditions that can lead to its undesirable polymerization.
Through first‐principles calculations, it is found that two lattice‐matched halide double‐perovskites, Cs2NaBiBr6 and Cs2AgBiBr6, have a type‐I band alignment and can form highly miscible alloys in ...which the disordering makes the bandgaps become direct and activates the direct transition from the valence to conduction band edge, leading to a strong optical absorption and high radiative recombination rate. The bandgaps of the alloys are tunable in a wide range of 1.93–3.24 eV, while the lattice constants remain unchanged. This advantage inspires the design of a coherent crystalline matrix based on Cs2(Na,Ag)BiBr6 alloys, in which the Ag‐rich and narrower‐bandgap regions are embedded in the Na‐rich and wide‐bandgap region with lattice‐matched and coherent interfaces. The type‐I band alignment drives the photogenerated excitons into the narrower‐bandgap Ag‐rich regions, so the regions become light‐emitting centers with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). The bandgaps of the Ag‐rich regions are tunable, so the color of emitted light can be adjusted, making a broadband emission possible. Such kind of coherent crystalline matrix with high‐PLQY and broadband emission can also be fabricated based on the alloys of other lattice‐matched halide double‐perovskites, demonstrating the flexibility of band structure engineering in the coherent heterostructures of various halide double‐perovskites.
Through embedding narrower‐bandgap alloys in wide‐bandgap alloys, a coherent crystalline matrix based on the alloys of two lattice‐matched halide double‐perovskites, such as Cs2(Na,Ag)BiBr6 alloys, are fabricated and a high photoluminescence quantum yield and broadband light emission are achieved, which demonstrates the flexibility of band structure engineering in coherent heterostructures of various halide double‐perovskites.
Draft commercial exploitation regulations have been on the agenda of the ISA since several 15-year exploration contracts expired a few years ago. Given the ineffective implementation in practice and ...the ignored chapter in several mining regulations on the transfer of mining technology, the future Enterprise and developing countries may take a more positive approach to the transfer of mining technology by striking a delicate balance between the provisions on the protection of intellectual property and those on capacity building under the framework of UNCLOS and the 1994 Agreement, through reciprocal and mutual beneficial means such as direct technology purchasing and investment cooperation. The International Seabed Authority, as the competent inter-governmental organization, has the duty to foster favorable conditions for such transfer.
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