Fungal diversity notes is one of the important journal series of fungal taxonomy that provide detailed descriptions and illustrations of new fungal taxa, as well as providing new information of ...fungal taxa worldwide. This article is the 11th contribution to the fungal diversity notes series, in which 126 taxa distributed in two phyla, six classes, 24 orders and 55 families are described and illustrated. Taxa in this study were mainly collected from Italy by Erio Camporesi and also collected from China, India and Thailand, as well as in some other European, North American and South American countries. Taxa described in the present study include two new families, 12 new genera, 82 new species, five new combinations and 25 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions as well as sexual-asexual reports. The two new families are
Eriomycetaceae
(Dothideomycetes, family
incertae sedis
) and
Fasciatisporaceae
(
Xylariales
, Sordariomycetes). The twelve new genera comprise
Bhagirathimyces
(
Phaeosphaeriaceae
),
Camporesiomyces
(
Tubeufiaceae
),
Eriocamporesia
(
Cryphonectriaceae
),
Eriomyces
(
Eriomycetaceae
),
Neomonodictys
(
Pleurotheciaceae
),
Paraloratospora
(
Phaeosphaeriaceae
),
Paramonodictys
(
Parabambusicolaceae
),
Pseudoconlarium
(Diaporthomycetidae, genus
incertae sedis
),
Pseudomurilentithecium
(
Lentitheciaceae
),
Setoapiospora
(
Muyocopronaceae
),
Srinivasanomyces
(
Vibrisseaceae
) and
Xenoanthostomella
(
Xylariales
, genera
incertae sedis
). The 82 new species comprise
Acremonium chiangraiense
,
Adustochaete nivea
,
Angustimassarina camporesii
,
Bhagirathimyces himalayensis
,
Brunneoclavispora camporesii
,
Camarosporidiella camporesii
,
Camporesiomyces mali
,
Camposporium appendiculatum
,
Camposporium multiseptatum
,
Camposporium septatum
,
Canalisporium aquaticium
,
Clonostachys eriocamporesiana
,
Clonostachys eriocamporesii
,
Colletotrichum hederiicola
,
Coniochaeta vineae
,
Conioscypha verrucosa
,
Cortinarius ainsworthii
,
Cortinarius aurae
,
Cortinarius britannicus
,
Cortinarius heatherae
,
Cortinarius scoticus
,
Cortinarius subsaniosus
,
Cytospora fusispora
,
Cytospora rosigena
,
Diaporthe camporesii
,
Diaporthe nigra
,
Diatrypella yunnanensis
,
Dictyosporium muriformis
,
Didymella camporesii
,
Diutina bernali
,
Diutina sipiczkii
,
Eriocamporesia aurantia
,
Eriomyces heveae
,
Ernakulamia tanakae
,
Falciformispora uttaraditensis
,
Fasciatispora cocoes
,
Foliophoma camporesii
,
Fuscostagonospora camporesii
,
Helvella subtinta
,
Kalmusia erioi
,
Keissleriella camporesiana
,
Keissleriella camporesii
,
Lanspora cylindrospora
,
Loratospora arezzoensis
,
Mariannaea atlantica
,
Melanographium phoenicis
,
Montagnula camporesii
,
Neodidymelliopsis camporesii
,
Neokalmusia kunmingensis
,
Neoleptosporella camporesiana
,
Neomonodictys muriformis
,
Neomyrmecridium guizhouense
,
Neosetophoma camporesii
,
Paraloratospora camporesii
,
Paramonodictys solitarius
,
Periconia palmicola
,
Plenodomus triseptatus
,
Pseudocamarosporium camporesii
,
Pseudocercospora maetaengensis
,
Pseudochaetosphaeronema kunmingense
,
Pseudoconlarium punctiforme
,
Pseudodactylaria camporesiana
,
Pseudomurilentithecium camporesii
,
Pseudotetraploa rajmachiensis
,
Pseudotruncatella camporesii
,
Rhexocercosporidium senecionis
,
Rhytidhysteron camporesii
,
Rhytidhysteron erioi
,
Septoriella camporesii
,
Setoapiospora thailandica
,
Srinivasanomyces kangrensis
,
Tetraploa dwibahubeeja
,
Tetraploa pseudoaristata
,
Tetraploa thrayabahubeeja
,
Torula camporesii
,
Tremateia camporesii
,
Tremateia lamiacearum
,
Uzbekistanica pruni
,
Verruconis mangrovei
,
Wilcoxina verruculosa
,
Xenoanthostomella chromolaenae
and
Xenodidymella camporesii
. The five new combinations are
Camporesiomyces patagoniensis
,
Camporesiomyces vaccinia
,
Camposporium lycopodiellae
,
Paraloratospora gahniae
and
Rhexocercosporidium microsporum
. The 22 new records on host and geographical distribution comprise
Arthrinium marii
,
Ascochyta medicaginicola
,
Ascochyta pisi
,
Astrocystis bambusicola
,
Camposporium pellucidum
,
Dendryphiella phitsanulokensis
,
Diaporthe foeniculina
,
Didymella macrostoma
,
Diplodia mutila
,
Diplodia seriata
,
Heterosphaeria patella
,
Hysterobrevium constrictum
,
Neodidymelliopsis ranunculi
,
Neovaginatispora fuckelii
,
Nothophoma quercina
,
Occultibambusa bambusae
,
Phaeosphaeria chinensis
,
Pseudopestalotiopsis theae
,
Pyxine berteriana
,
Tetraploa sasicola
,
Torula gaodangensis
and
Wojnowiciella dactylidis
. In addition, the sexual morphs of
Dissoconium eucalypti
and
Phaeosphaeriopsis pseudoagavacearum
are reported from
Laurus nobilis
and
Yucca gloriosa
in Italy, respectively. The holomorph of
Diaporthe cynaroidis
is also reported for the first time.
Family
Cortinariaceae
currently includes only one genus,
Cortinarius
, which is the largest
Agaricales
genus, with thousands of species worldwide. The species are important ectomycorrhizal fungi and ...form associations with many vascular plant genera from tropicals to arctic regions. Genus
Cortinarius
contains a lot of morphological variation, and its complexity has led many taxonomists to specialize in particular on infrageneric groups. The previous attempts to divide
Cortinarius
have been shown to be unnatural and the phylogenetic studies done to date have not been able to resolve the higher-level classification of the group above section level. Genomic approaches have revolutionized our view on fungal relationships and provide a way to tackle difficult groups. We used both targeted capture sequencing and shallow whole genome sequencing to produce data and to perform phylogenomic analyses of 75 single-copy genes from 19 species. In addition, a wider 5-locus analysis of 245 species, from the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, was also done. Based on our results, a classification of the family
Cortinariaceae
into ten genera—
Cortinarius, Phlegmacium, Thaxterogaster, Calonarius, Aureonarius, Cystinarius, Volvanarius, Hygronarius, Mystinarius,
and
Austrocortinarius
—is proposed. Seven genera, 10 subgenera, and four sections are described as new to science and five subgenera are introduced as new combinations in a new rank. In addition, 41 section names and 514 species names are combined in new genera and four lecto- and epitypes designated. The position of
Stephanopus
in suborder
Agaricineae
remains to be studied. Targeted capture sequencing is used for the first time in fungal taxonomy in Basidiomycetes. It provides a cost-efficient way to produce -omics data in species-rich groups. The -omics data was produced from fungarium specimens up to 21 years old, demonstrating the value of museum specimens in the study of the fungal tree of life. This study is the first family revision in Agaricales based on genomics data and hopefully many others will soon follow.
Mushroom-forming fungi (Agaricomycetes) have the greatest morphological diversity and complexity of any group of fungi. They have radiated into most niches and fulfil diverse roles in the ecosystem, ...including wood decomposers, pathogens or mycorrhizal mutualists. Despite the importance of mushroom-forming fungi, large-scale patterns of their evolutionary history are poorly known, in part due to the lack of a comprehensive and dated molecular phylogeny. Here, using multigene and genome-based data, we assemble a 5,284-species phylogenetic tree and infer ages and broad patterns of speciation/extinction and morphological innovation in mushroom-forming fungi. Agaricomycetes started a rapid class-wide radiation in the Jurassic, coinciding with the spread of (sub)tropical coniferous forests and a warming climate. A possible mass extinction, several clade-specific adaptive radiations and morphological diversification of fruiting bodies followed during the Cretaceous and the Paleogene, convergently giving rise to the classic toadstool morphology, with a cap, stalk and gills (pileate-stipitate morphology). This morphology is associated with increased rates of lineage diversification, suggesting it represents a key innovation in the evolution of mushroom-forming fungi. The increase in mushroom diversity started during the Mesozoic-Cenozoic radiation event, an era of humid climate when terrestrial communities dominated by gymnosperms and reptiles were also expanding.
The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is the formal fungal barcode and in most cases the marker of choice for the exploration of fungal diversity in environmental samples. ...Two problems are particularly acute in the pursuit of satisfactory taxonomic assignment of newly generated ITS sequences: (i) the lack of an inclusive, reliable public reference data set and (ii) the lack of means to refer to fungal species, for which no Latin name is available in a standardized stable way. Here, we report on progress in these regards through further development of the UNITE database (http://unite.ut.ee) for molecular identification of fungi. All fungal species represented by at least two ITS sequences in the international nucleotide sequence databases are now given a unique, stable name of the accession number type (e.g. Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus|GU586904|SH133781.05FU), and their taxonomic and ecological annotations were corrected as far as possible through a distributed, third‐party annotation effort. We introduce the term ‘species hypothesis’ (SH) for the taxa discovered in clustering on different similarity thresholds (97–99%). An automatically or manually designated sequence is chosen to represent each such SH. These reference sequences are released (http://unite.ut.ee/repository.php) for use by the scientific community in, for example, local sequence similarity searches and in the QIIME pipeline. The system and the data will be updated automatically as the number of public fungal ITS sequences grows. We invite everybody in the position to improve the annotation or metadata associated with their particular fungal lineages of expertise to do so through the new Web‐based sequence management system in UNITE.
Fungi play vital roles in ecosystems as endophytes, pathogens and saprobes. The current estimate of fungal diversity is highly uncertain, ranging from 1.5 to 12 million, but only around 150,000 ...species have been named and classified to date. Since the introduction of DNA based methods for species identification, the number of newly described taxa has increased from approximately 1000 to around 2000 yearly. This demonstrates the importance of DNA based methods to identify and distinguish species, especially cryptic species. Many novel species from recent studies have been found in historically understudied regions and habitats, but these still represent only a small percentage of the estimated species. In this paper, we examine 16 genera from the top 40 most speciose genera as listed in Species Fungorum as case studies to examine the diversity of taxa in each genus. The genera treated herein are
Cercospora, Diaporthe, Meliola, Passalora, Phyllachora
,
Phyllosticta, Pseudocercospora, Ramularia
(ascomycetes) and
Cortinarius
,
Entoloma
,
Inocybe
,
Marasmius
,
Psathyrella
,
Puccinia, Russula, Uromyces
(basidiomycetes). We critically evaluate the number of species in these genera and correlate these numbers with the number of entries in GenBank. We introduce 18 new species
Apiospora multiloculata
,
Candolleomyces thailandensis
,
Cortinarius acutoproximus, Cortinarius melleoalbus, Cortinarius pacificus, Cortinarius parvoacetosus, Diaporthe guizhouensis
,
Entoloma pseudosubcorvinum
,
Inocybe meirensongia, Marasmius albulus, Marasmius obscuroaurantiacus, Meliola camporesii
,
Phyllachora siamensis
,
Phyllosticta doitungensis, Picipes yuxiensis
,
Pseudocercospora vignae, Puccinia maureanui
and
Russula inornata
. We also introduce a new record of
Candolleomyces cladii-marisci
and
Inocybe iringolkavensis
. We discuss the genera
Colletotrichum
and
Pleurotus
that are speciose, but do not occur in the top 40. We hypothesize whether there might be more species in these genera and discuss why these genera have some of the largest number of species.
New scientific discoveries: Plants and fungi Cheek, Martin; Nic Lughadha, Eimear; Kirk, Paul ...
Plants, people, planet,
September 2020, 2020-09-00, 20200901, 2020-09-01, Letnik:
2, Številka:
5
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Research and publication of the planet's remaining plant and fungal species as yet unknown to science is essential if we are to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15 “Life ...on Land” which includes the protection of terrestrial ecosystems and halting of biodiversity loss. If species are not known to science, they cannot be assessed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and so the possibility to protect them from extinction is reduced. Furthermore, until species are known to science they cannot be fully scientifically evaluated for their potential as new foods, medicines, and products which would help address SDGs 1,2,3, and 8.
Societal Impact Statement
Research and publication of the planet's remaining plant and fungal species as yet unknown to science is essential if we are to address the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 15 “Life on Land” which includes the protection of terrestrial ecosystems and halting of biodiversity loss. If species are not known to science, they cannot be assessed on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species and so the possibility to protect them from extinction is reduced. Furthermore, until species are known to science they cannot be fully scientifically evaluated for their potential as new foods, medicines, and products which would help address SDGs 1,2,3, and 8.
Summary
Scientific discovery, including naming new taxa, is important because without a scientific name, a species is invisible to science and the possibilities of researching its ecology, applications and threats, and conserving it, are greatly reduced. We review new scientific discoveries in the plant and fungal kingdoms, based largely on new names of taxa published in 2019 and indexed in the International Plant Names Index and Index Fungorum. Numbers of new species in both kingdoms were similar with 1942 new species of plant published and 1882 species of fungi. However, while >50% of plant species have likely been discovered, >90% of fungi remain unknown. This gulf likely explains the greater number of higher order taxa for fungi published in 2019: three classes, 18 orders, 48 families and 214 genera versus one new family and 87 new genera for plants. We compare the kingdoms in terms of rates of scientific discovery, globally and in different taxonomic groups and geographic areas, and with regard to the use of DNA in discovery. We review species new to science, especially those of interest to humanity as new products, and also by life‐form. We consider where future such discoveries can be expected. We recommend an urgent increase in investment in scientific discovery of plant and fungal species, while they still survive. Priorities include more investment in training taxonomists, in building and equipping collections‐based research centers for them, especially in species‐rich, income‐poor countries where the bulk of species as yet unknown to science are thought to occur.
Cortinarius
(Fr.) Fr. is one of the most species-rich genera in the
Agaricales
(
Basidiomycota
).
Cortinarius
subgen.
Dermocybe
(Fr.) Trog includes brightly coloured Cortinarii with anthraquinone ...pigments. The chemotaxonomic approach has always been as important as classical methods for species definition of
Dermocybe
and helped to improve overall species concepts. However, some species concepts within this group remain unclear. We therefore address this topic based on a combined phylogenetic, morphological, and pigment-chemical approach. For this, sequence data, HPLC–MS pigment profiles and spore sizes were included were included to obtain a better resolution of taxa. The study was based on 173 recent collections and 12 type specimens. A total of 117 rDNA ITS sequences were produced from the collections in this study, 102 sequences were retrieved from databases. We could detect and clearly delimit 19
Dermocybe
species occurring in central European habitats, from which 16 are discussed in detail. Additionally, we grouped the detected anthraquinone pigments into four groups. This detailed analysis of dermocyboid
Cortinarius
species occurring in a restricted number of habitat types confirmed our hypothesis that species diversity is much higher than currently assumed. This high diversity is blurred by too wide and incorrect species concepts of several classical species like
C. croceus
and
C. cinnamomeus
. Molecular and chemotaxonomical studies carried out together with careful phenotypical analyses resulted in a good differentiation of species. A key is presented for these taxa to allow a better identification of
Cortinarius
subgenus
Dermocybe
spp. occurring in Central Europe mainly in the alpine range.
Cortinarius sect. Armillati (subgenus Telamonia) was studied extensively based on morphology and molecular data. A total of about 1000 specimens, mostly from Fennoscandia, were revised. The ...nomenclature of the species was confirmed by sequencing the type material. Phylogenetic relationships were inferred by analyses of ITS, and the results were compared with the morphological and ecological data. Based on macro- and micromorphological characters, as well as molecular data, section Armillati contains only the medium to large species with slightly hygrophanous pileus and ± reddish or in some species yellowish brown to rose brown universal veils. The other red-brown-veiled species, previously included in Armillati, seem to belong to at least seven different sections or clades: sect. Anthracini, sect. Boulderenses, sect. Brunneotincti p.p., sect. Cinnabarini, sect. Fulvescentes, /Fuscoperonatus, and /Praestigiosus. Our study recognized six Armillati species from northern Europe: C. armillatus, C. luteo-ornatus, C. paragaudis, and three species described as new, C. pinigaudis, C. roseoarmillatus, and C. suboenochelis. The former three also occur in North America. Two additional species, C. subarmillatus (Japan) and C. quercoarmillatus (Costa Rica), are known outside the area. Based on the phylogenetic analysis, the species associated with deciduous trees, C. armillatus, C. quercoarmillatus, and C. roseoarmillatus, all with dextrinoid, thick-walled spores, formed a separate group from the mainly conifer-associated species, C. luteo-ornatus, C. paragaudis, C. pinigaudis and C. suboenochelis, all with fairly thin to moderately thick-walled, indextrinoid to moderately dextrinoid spores. Descriptions of the northern European species are provided, the distribution is mapped and their taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and relationships are discussed. A total of 64 new sequences of 12 species are reported including 17 sequences from type material. Our study also suggests that ITS sequences are not always sufficiently variable for species-rank recognition (barcoding) in Cortinarius.
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