The present study was carried out to investigate biodiesel production via transesterification of sunflower oil employing heterogeneous catalyst derived from indigenous ginger (Zingiber Officinale) ...leaves. It also aims to compare the techno-economy performance of the ginger-based catalysts in 3 different forms viz. calcinated (CGL), activated by KOH (KGL) and NaOH (NGL). The plant-based catalysts were characterised by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The parametric effects on the biodiesel production such as reaction time, methanol to oil ratio and catalyst loading were investigated. The experimental result shows that 1.6 wt % catalyst, 6:1 M ratio of alcohol to oil, 1 h 30 min of reaction time with a speed of 200 rpm gave the best results. It was found that the KGL obtained highest biodiesel yield of 93.83% under optimum conditions. Subsequently, the specific energy and energy productivity of KGL catalyst was found to be 1.2728, 26.1544 MJ/kg and 0.0382 kg/MJ, respectively, per 1 L of biodiesel. Meanwhile, the renewable energy to non-renewable energy ratio for CGL, KGL and NGL is found to be 3.17, 4.01 and 3.67, respectively. A higher sustainable renewable energy-yield ratio and overall economical profit cost ratio are preferable for the biodiesel production process.
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•Novel ginger leave-based catalysts CGL, KGL and NGL.•Biodiesel yield (93.83%) highest with KGL under optimum conditions.•Profit cost ratios 1.434 for KGL, 1.420 for NGL and 1.397 for CGL catalyst.•The renewable energy to non-renewable energy ratio for KGL is found to be superior.
Enterococcus faecalis strain DB-5 is a lactic acid bacterium newly isolated from the Japanese mandarin orange (mikan). The DB-5 strain produces organic acid from various carbohydrate sources ...including glycerol and starch. To gain deeper insights into its potential application in lactic acid fermentation (LAF), the genome and fermentation analyses of E. faecalis DB-5 were performed. Whole genome sequencing was carried out using the DNBSEQ platform. After trimming and assembly, the total size of the assembled genome was revealed to be 3,048,630 bp, distributed into 63 contigs with an N50 value of 203,673. The genome has 37.2% GC content, 2928 coding DNA sequences, and 54 putative RNA genes. The DB-5 strain harbored two l-lactate dehydrogenases (L-LDHs), both of which conserved the catalytic domain sequences. The optical purity measurement showed that strain DB-5 is homofermentative and produced only l-lactic acid (LA), which correlated with genome-based pathway analysis. To confirm its LA productivity at high temperatures, open repeated batch fermentation was performed at 45 °C using sucrose as a carbon source. The volumetric LA productivity of DB-5 was averaged at 3.66 g L−1 h−1 for 24 h during the 3rd to 11th fermentation cycles. E. faecalis DB-5 could efficiently convert around 94% of sucrose to LA throughout the fermentation cycles at 45 °C. These genomic characteristics and fermentation properties of E. faecalis DB-5 provide beneficial information for a deeper understanding of the functional properties of future high-temperature LAFs from biomass resources.
This paper evaluates the feasibility of using fusion waste chicken and fish bones as the reusable and low cost solid catalyst for synthesis of biodiesel from used cooking oil via two-step ...transesterification. A catalyst characterization of the prepared fusion waste chicken and fish bones catalyst was made in order to study their catalytic performance through various techniques such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET), Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Fourier Transform Infrared spectra (FTIR), Carbon Dioxide-Temperature Programmed Desorption (TPD-CO2) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The used cooking oil transesterification was optimized using a response surface methodology (RSM) based on five level three variables central composite design (CCD). The RSM results revealed that the optimal operational condition for the transesterification has defined as: catalyst loading, 1.98%w/v, reaction temperature, 65 °C and time, 1.54 h, whereas the alcohol/oil molar ratio, 10:1 is a fixed variable in this study. The actual biodiesel yield of 89.5% was achieved under the predicted optimal conditions and fulfilled the ASTM D6751 biodiesel fuel standards. The promising features of the chicken and fish bones catalyst are inexpensive, easily obtained, simple work-up, simple recovery, reusability without significant drop in catalytic activity for up to four consecutive runs.
•Waste chicken and fish bone were utilized for biodiesel production as solid catalyst.•RSM was implemented to optimize the transesterification process.•The prepared catalyst was reusable without significant loss in its activity.•Maximum 89.5% yield at 1.98%w/v catalyst and alcohol/oil ratio of 10:1 at 65 °C in 1.54 h.
This paper reported the optimization of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil catalyzed by solid ostrich-eggshell and chicken-eggshell derived CaO via transesterification process using response ...surface methodology (RSM) and Taguchi method. Quadratic polynomial equations were obtained for transesterification reaction. Independent variables i.e. molar ratio of methanol to oil (M:O), catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time were investigated. It was found that the most influential parameter on the biodiesel production was reaction temperature based on both RSM and Taguchi method. The optimum biodiesel yield of ∼98% (ostrich eggshell) and ∼96% (chicken eggshell) were achieved at M:O of ∼10:1; catalyst concentration of ∼1.5 %w/v; reaction temperature of 65 °C; and reaction time of ∼2 h for RSM and Taguchi method, respectively.
•Mathematic model is developed to optimize biodiesel yield via ostrich-eggshell CaO catalyst.•Taguchi and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) were employed for process optimization.•Both are shown to be a precise and imperative tool to predict the biodiesel yield in this study.
Biochemical and kinetic properties are of special interest for the specific applications of α-amylases in industrial sectors such as textile industries, detergents, biofuels and food among others. ...Therefore, protein engineering is currently directed towards a continuous demand to improve the properties of amylases and thus meet the specific characteristics for various industrial sectors. In the present work, modular protein engineering was performed to improve the biochemical and kinetic properties of AmyJ33r an α-amylase isolated from
Bacillus siamensis
JJC33M consisting of five domains, A, B, C, D and E (SBD) (Montor-Antonio et al. in 3 Biotech 7:336, 2017.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-017-0954-8
). AmyJ33r is not active on native starch, only showing activity on gelatinized starch. At the
C
-terminal, AmyJ33r has a starch binding domain (SBD, domain E) belonging to the CBM26 family. In this study, four truncated versions were constructed and expressed in
E. coli
(AmyJ33-AB, AmyJ33-ABC, AmyJ33-ABCD, and SBD) to determine the role of the A, B, C, D, and E domains in the biochemical behavior of AmyJ33r on starch. Biochemical and kinetic characterization of the truncated versions showed that domain C is essential for catalysis; domain D improved enzyme activity at alkaline pH values, is also involved negatively in thermostability at 40, 50, and 60 °C and its presence favored the production of maltooligosaccharides with a higher degree of polymerization (DP4). E domain have interaction with raw starch, also the deletion of E domain (SBD) favors the affinity for the substrate while the deletion of D domain increased enzyme
k
cat
at the time of product release. In conclusion, AmyJ33-ABC has better kinetic parameters than AmyJ33-ABCD and AmyJ33r, but is less stable than these two enzymes.
Weissella soli strain DB-2 is a lactic acid bacterium that was isolated from nukadoko in Japan. We report the draft genome sequence of Weissella soli strain DB-2 to determine the presence of the ...genes responsible for exopolysaccharide biosynthesis, with the aim of further probiotic evaluation.
In the daily practice of forensic pathology, sudden cardiac death (SCD) is a diagnostic challenge. Our aim was to determine the usefulness of blood biomarkers creatine kinase CK‐MB, myoglobin, ...troponins I and T (cTn‐I and T), and lactate dehydrogenase measured by immunoassay technique, in the postmortem diagnosis of SCD. Two groups were compared, 20 corpses with SCD and 8 controls. Statistical significance was determined by variance analysis procedures, with a post hoc Tukey multiple range test for comparison of means (p < 0.05). SCD cases showed significantly higher levels (p < 0.05) of cTn‐T and cTn‐I compared to the control group. Although only cases within the first 8 h of postmortem interval were included, and the control group consisted mainly of violent death cases, our results suggest that blood troponin levels may be useful to support a diagnosis of SCD.
It is noteworthy to highlight that ammonia nitrogen contamination in wastewater has been reported to pose a great threat to the environment. This conventional method of remediating ammonia nitrogen ...contamination in wastewater applies the packed bed tower technology. Nevertheless, this technology appears to pose several application issues. Over the years, researchers have tested various types of ammonia stripping process to overcome the shortcomings of the conventional ammonia stripping technology. Along this line, the present study highlights the recent development of ammonia stripping process for industrial wastewater treatment. In addition, this study reviews ammonia stripping application for varied types of industrial wastewater and several significant operating parameters. Furthermore, this paper discusses some issues related to the conventional ammonia stripper for industrial treatment application. Finally, this study explicates the future prospects of the ammonia stripping method. This review, hence, contributes by enhancing the ammonia stripping treatment efficiency and its application for industrial wastewater treatment.
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•Ostrich-eggshell waste as the raw material to synthesize calcium oxide heterogeneous base catalyst.•Biofuel, biodiesel is produced from waste cooking oil via two steps ...transesterification reaction.•Biodiesel yield was 96% and 94% for calcined ostrich- and calcined chicken-eggshells under same optima reaction condition.•Biodiesel produced from calcined ostrich-eggshell and calcined chicken-eggshell satisfied ASTM D6751.
The primary goal of this paper is to investigate the catalyst characterization and biodiesel yield of a biodiesel converted from a used cooking oil source via heterogeneous catalysts derived from very rare type of eggshell: ostrich-eggshell (ostrich-eggshell derived CaO). It also aims to compare the performance of CaO catalyst derived from both waste ostrich-eggshell and the conventional chicken-eggshell, and to find the optimum conditions for biodiesel production. The prepared catalysts were then characterized by using XRD, FT-IR, BET, SEM, TGA and CO2-TPD. The parametric effects on the biodiesel production, such as catalyst concentration, molar ratio of methanol to oil, reaction temperature, reaction time, speed and reusability of the catalyst were investigated. The experimental result showed that 1.5wt.% catalyst, 12:1M ratio of methanol to oil, 65°C reaction temperature, 2h reaction time with speed of 250rpm gave the best results. It was found that the ostrich-eggshell derived CaO catalyst shows higher surface area, higher basicity and smaller particle size. The maximum biodiesel yield is 96% and 94% for calcined ostrich-eggshell and chicken-eggshell, respectively. The CaO catalyst derived from waste calcined ostrich and chicken-eggshell maintained a good catalytic activity even after being repeatedly used for 5 cycles with yield around 70%, which implies potential saving and affordable biodiesel production possibilities.
Sago starch producing mills in Malaysia generate approximately 20 tons of effluent per ton of starch produced. The effluent contains mainly starch and very low concentrations of nitrogenous ...compounds. The starch could be recoverable by Tangential Flow Filtration (TFF). The aim of this study was to apply TFF to separate the starch from 1% (w/v) model suspensions in simulated sago effluent. Polysulfone membrane filter cassettes of 0.45 µm pore size and 0.1 m
2
were used for these experiments. Fifty-liter of a starch suspension was concentrated to less than 10-L. The main finding in this study was that increasing membrane filtration area improved the filtration efficiency from 81% to 85.4%, when lower transmembrane pressure (TMP) was employed. Turbidity, total suspended solids, and chemical oxygen demand before and after the treatment were significantly different (p < 0.05). In conclusion, TFF functioned efficiently to separate sago starch from suspensions. It was found that membrane area and low TMP enhanced the flux rate and minimized the reversible clogging. Moreover, membrane permeability was recovered and cleaned almost to its original permeability.
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