JS1 Psychotherapy(ISPOG2007) Nomura, Shinobu
Journal of Japanese Society of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology,
2007, Letnik:
12, Številka:
1-2
Journal Article
For the days of creation of Behavioral Medicine, a study of “Type A behavior pattern and myocardial infarction” was a main theme. Behavior modification comes to be applied to treatment of various ...kinds of chronic disease widely, and a general concept of Behavioral Medicine has formed subsequently. In the Japanese Society of Behavior Medicine, we devised the core curriculum of behavioral science, behavioral medicine and have published “the textbook of Behavioral Medicine” in conformity with it. It is the primer which includes all basics and clinical applications of Behavioral Medicine, and this book is edited as a manual which we can utilize in the clinical practice. We hope this book will be able to contribute to development of Behavioral Medicine in Japan, the healthy life of people and the improvement of QOL of the patients with medical care. In this report, I discussed the future perspectives with a personal opinion while looking back on the history of Behavioral Medicine.
There have been no previous studies about consultation of the bereaved who have lost a loved one to cancer and ask for medical help. The aim of this study was to investigate their basic ...characteristics and their psychiatric disorders.
A retrospective study using clinical and background data obtained over 30 months (from April 2007 to September 2009) was conducted at outpatient services for bereaved families at the Department of Psycho-Oncology at Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Japan.
During the period of investigation, 51 patients underwent consultation. The patients were frequently female (P < 0.0001) and the spouse of the deceased. Regarding the psychiatric diagnoses, major depression was the most common (39%), followed by adjustment disorders (28%).
This study revealed basic characteristics and psychiatric disorders of the bereaved who asked for medical help. Most of the patients were women (86.3%) and 86.3% of them received a psychiatric diagnosis. This information is important for both physicians and psychologists since the bereaved who have lost a loved one to cancer often ask for medical help in clinical settings.
Stress and Biofeedback NOMURA, Shinobu
Japanese Journal of Biofeedback Research,
2014/10/25, Letnik:
41, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
People living in current complicated societies are influenced by various psychosocial stressors. Biological responses to stressor are adaptive and defensive mechanism in nature. Psychological, ...physiological and behavioral problems may be evoked, if stressors are excess and continue for a long time, or if coping strategies are not effective so much. Anxiety disorders and mood disorders may be considered as psychological responses to stressors in many cases. Psychosomatic disease, which is defined as somatic disease influenced by psychosocial factors strongly, may be considered as physiological responses to stressor. Even if there are many psychosomatic therapies for psychosomatic disease, biofeedback therapy was expected as the most effective one. But, biofeedback therapy is not yet applied in general clinical practice. Its reasons might be as follows: (1) Evidences of biofeedback therapy are not so much, (2) Much treatment time is needed, (3) Mechanism of efficacy is not clarified. In order to overcome these issues, it is needed that improvement of usability of biofeedback equipment, accumulation of clinical evidence, and approach to information processing in the brain. And, the interdisciplinary collaboration with near research fields is important, in which key words may be measuring of biological information, feedback, and control.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is known to be related to abdominal symptoms, and the relationship between abdominal pain and cortisol secretory patterns has been previously investigated ...using a cross-sectional approach. Here, we investigated the effect of day-to-day variations in salivary cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate levels on abdominal symptoms in healthy individuals.
Eleven college students (4 males and 7 females) participated in this study. The participants were asked to collect their saliva immediately after awakening and before bedtime for eight consecutive days. They also completed a questionnaire about abdominal symptoms before bedtime. The linear mixed model was applied to analyze the effects of the day-by-day variability or the 8-day average adrenal hormone level (at awakening, before bedtime, slope from awakening to bedtime) on abdominal symptoms.
The day-to-day variability of cortisol levels before bedtime was negatively related with loose stool, while the day-to-day variability of the cortisol slope was positively correlated with loose stool. A low 8-day average dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate level at awakening was positively related with frequent bowel movements, loose stool, and long bouts of severe abdominal pain. Likewise, a low 8-day average dehydroepiandrosterone-sulfate slope was positively related with long bouts of abdominal pain.
Low cortisol levels before bedtime and a steeper diurnal cortisol slope during the day may be related to bouts of diarrhea during the day.
Background
Individuals with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) have high anxiety. There is insufficient information about the relationships between concrete cognitive contents and anxiety in IBS.
Purpose
...The present study investigated the relationship between cognitive factors and anxiety in individuals with IBS.
Method
The participants were 1,087 college students (male, 506; female, 576; unidentified, 5; age, 19.72 ± 1.76 years) who completed a set of questionnaires that included the Rome II Modular Questionnaire (based on diagnostic criteria for IBS), Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), Cognitive Appraisal Rating Scale (CARS; subscales: commitment, appraisal of effect, appraisal of threat, and controllability) for measuring symptom-related cognition, an item about attention to abdominal symptoms, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety Scale (HADS-A), and an item regarding the presence of avoidant behavior due to anxiety of IBS symptoms.
Results
The participants included 881 individuals without IBS and 206 individuals with IBS. Individuals with IBS had higher ASI and HADS-A scores than those of the individuals belonging to the control group (
p
< 0.001). Subscale scores of CARS (except those of controllability and attention to IBS symptoms) significantly correlated with the ASI and HADS-A scores (
p
< 0.01). Individuals with IBS and avoidant behavior had higher subscale scores of CARS (except those of controllability and attention to IBS symptoms) and higher HADS-A scores (
p
< 0.05). The hypothetical models containing ASI scores, subscale scores of CARS (except those of controllability), and HADS-A scores with and without attention to IBS symptoms exhibited a good fit.
Conclusion
Severe anxiety sensitivity in individuals with IBS related to their symptom-related cognition, and the altered cognition increases anxiety, leading to the possible development of a disabling condition.
Daylight hours in high-latitude regions tend to be longer than those in Japan in summer, and shorter than those in Japan in winter. For example, daylight hours in London in winter are one-third those ...of Tokyo. Therefore, this study investigated and compared seasonal changes in mood and behaviours of Japanese individuals living in and outside Japan.
Surveys were conducted with Japanese residents in summer and winter in the UK (
= 106), Nordic countries (
= 40), Southeast Asia (
= 50), and Japan (
= 96). First, summer and winter General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ28) scores of each regional group were analysed. Subsequently, month-wise differences in mood and behaviours were compared across the four geographical regions.
Summer and winter GHQ28 scores of participants living in the UK and Nordic countries differed significantly, while no seasonal differences were observed for residents in Japan and Southeast Asia. Further, in the UK and Nordic countries, summer was associated with better mood and more activity, while winter was linked to lowered mood and reduced activity.
The results indicate that Japanese living in the UK and Nordic countries (high-latitude regions) experience seasonal fluctuations in depressive symptoms that may be linked to drastic seasonal environmental changes. Observed over a 12-month period, their mood and behaviour declined in winter and improved in summer. Therefore, considering the prevalence of overseas stressors that differ from those in their home country, it is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of support systems that help migrants adapt to seasonal changes in high-latitude regions.
Objective : Positive and negative metacognitive belief is considered to effect sleep-onset insomnia mediated by cognitive arousal. In previous studies on relationships between sleep-onset insomnia ...and metacognitive beliefs indicate that positive metacognitive belief rather than negative metacognitive belief is correlated with sleep-onset insomnia. However, these studies have two major problems : (a) Do not include “uncontrollability of worry” when evaluating negative metacognitive belief, (b) Lack investigation on the indirect effect of each metacognitive belief on sleep-onset insomnia and cognitive arousal as mediation role. Therefore, it is unclear whether for treatment of sleep-onset insomnia to target negative metacognitive belief or positive metacognitive belief. From these considerations, the present study aimed to evaluate the association between metacognitive belief and sleep-onset insomnia, mediated by cognitive arousal.Methods : A cross-sectional survey was conducted on 414 undergraduate students. The questionnaire included Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (evaluating sleep-onset insomnia), Pre-sleep Cognitive Activity Scale (evaluating cognitive arousal), and Metacognitive Beliefs about Worry Questionnaire (evaluating negative metacognitive belief including “uncontrollability of worry” and positive metacognitive belief). Three hundred seventy-nine valid responses (male : 155, female : 224, mean age : 20.21, SD : 1.88) were analyzed.Results : The mediation analysis indicated that negative metacognitive belief was significantly correlated with sleep-onset insomnia indirectly β=0.18, 95%Confidence interval (CI) : 0.12, 0.25, p<0.01. On the other hand, no significant correlation was demonstrated between positive metacognitive belief and sleep-onset insomnia (β=−0.02, 95%CI : −0.12, 0.08, p=0.66).Conclusions : The present study indicates that negative metacognitive belief correlated with sleep-onset insomnia was mediated by cognitive arousal. It is important to target negative metacognitive belief rather than positive metacognitive belief for sleep-onset insomnia treatments. Moreover, there is need to evaluate the “uncontrollability of worry” when assessing negative metacognitive belief.
We investigated dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) secretion in response to acute psychosocial stress and the relations of DHEA secretion to cortisol secretion, cardiovascular activity, and negative mood ...changes. Thirty-three male students (mean age 22.6 years) were subjected to the psychosocial stress test “Trier Social Stress Test” (TSST), in which the participants were asked to deliver a speech and perform a mental arithmetic task in front of two audiences. Collections of saliva, measurements of blood pressure and heart rate, and assessments of negative mood by visual analog scales were conducted before, during, and after TSST. Acute psychosocial stress significantly increased salivary DHEA level by an average of 60% immediately after TSST. The peak of DHEA concentration preceded that of cortisol concentration by about 10
min. DHEA response was moderately correlated to cortisol response (
r
=
.34,
r
s
=
.49) but not to cardiovascular response. Lower DHEA level and elevated cortisol/DHEA ratio during TSST were significantly and moderately correlated with increased negative mood during and after TSST. These results indicated that an acute increase in DHEA concentration under stressful situations might be partly mediated by the activity of hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis and could have some significance in the improvement of negative mood.
Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of both individual and group cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) programs for social anxiety disorder (SAD) with patients in many countries. The present ...preliminary study reports the effectiveness of individual CBT for Japanese patients with SAD. Fifteen outpatients diagnosed with SAD completed an individual CBT program of six 50-min sessions with several components, including cognitive restructuring to modify cost and probability bias, repeated speech exposure, and homework about idiosyncratic anxiety-provoking situations. The results show that SAD symptoms improved after completion of the program. Large effect sizes were found for cognitive factors of SAD. In addition, repeated speech exposure was highly effective for improving the self-perception of subjective anxiety. The present findings suggest that an individual CBT program can be effective for reducing SAD symptoms with Japanese patients.
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