The determinant of chloroquine resistance (CQR) in a
Plasmodium falciparum cross was previously mapped by linkage analysis to a 36 kb segment of chromosome 7. Candidate genes within this segment have ...been previously shown to include two genes,
cg2 and
cg1, that have complex polymorphisms linked to the CQR phenotype. Using DNA transfection and allelic exchange, we have replaced these polymorphisms in CQR parasites with
cg2 and
cg1 sequences from chloroquine sensitive parasites. Drug assays of the allelically-modified lines show no change in the degree of CQR, providing evidence against the hypothesis that these polymorphisms are important to the CQR phenotype. Similarly, no change was found in the degree to which verapamil or other chloroquine sensitizers reverse CQR in the transformants. These results and the high though not complete degree of association of CQR with
cg2 and
cg1 polymorphisms in field isolates suggest involvement of another nearby gene in the
P. falciparum CQR mechanism.
Splenic hilar lymphnode dissection is often performed in patients with advanced gastric cancer in the upper third of the stomach. In respect to the lymphatic system, there is no route between the ...lesser curvature area and the splenic hilus, so cancer located in the lesser curvature may not metastasize to splenic hilus lymph nodes. We discuss indications for splenic hilar lymph node dissection for cancer in the lesser curvature of the upper third of the stomach. In 515 cases of curatively resected upper-third gastric cancer with splenic hilar lymph node dissection, there were 68 (13.2%) with positive nodes. Of these, 57 cases (83.8%) had tumors that were located either on the left side or the margin between the left and right areas. But there were 11 cases (16.2%) with lesions located in the lesser curvature. Of these 11 all had positive nodes in the lesser curvature, and 10 had lymph node swelling and adhesion. So we speculate that metastatic lymph nodes may block the lymphatic route and change the flow direction of lymphatic fluid, thus, making metastasis to splenic hilar lymphnodes possible. On the other hand, in considering tumors smaller than 40 mm, there was only one case with splenic hilar lymph node metastasis located in the lesser curvature. And this one have positive nodes in lesser curvature. In conclusion, splenic hilar lymph node dissection for cancer located in the lesser curvature of the upper third of the stomach is unnecessary in cases without metastasis in the lesser curvature lymph nodes and with tumors smaller than 40 mm.
We report a case of advanced gastric cancer that showed a complete histological response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The patient, a 56-year-old man, was diagnosed as having advanced gastric cancer ...with lymph node metastases( cT3 cN1 cH0 cP0 cM0, cStageIIIA). He was initially treated with combined neoadjuvant chemotherapy comprising CPT-11+S-1. S-1(120 mg/day)was administered orally for 21 days, followed by CPT-11(130 mg/body)divon days 1 and 15. The primary lesion and lymph node metastases were diminished by 2 courses of chemotherapy, and no serious toxicities were observed. Distal gastrectomy and lymph node dissection(D2)were performed. Only a small ulcer was observed on the resected stomach. Histological examination of the resected stomach and lymph nodes revealed no remaining viable cancer cells. The patient has been doing well without any recurrence for 1 year since the start of treatment.
T cell stimulation via glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related protein (GITR) can evoke effective tumor immunity. A single administration of agonistic anti-GITR ...monoclonal antibody (mAb) to tumor-bearing mice intravenously or directly into tumors provoked potent tumor-specific immunity and eradicated established tumors without eliciting overt autoimmune disease. A large number of CD4 super(+) and CD8 super(+) T cells, including interferon (IFN)- gamma -secreting cells, infiltrated regressing tumors. Tumor-specific IFN- gamma -secreting CD4 super(+) and CD8 super(+) T cells also increased in the spleen. The treatment led to tumor rejection in IFN- gamma -intact mice but not IFN- gamma -deficient mice. Furthermore, coadministration of anti-GITR and anti-CTLA-4 mAbs had a synergistic effect, leading to eradication of more advanced tumors. In contrast, coadministration of anti-CD25 and anti-GITR mAbs was less effective than anti-GITR treatment alone, because anti-CD25 depleted both CD25 super(+)-activated effector T cells and CD25 super(+)CD4 super(+) naturally occurring regulatory T (T reg) cells. Importantly, CD4 super(+) T cells expressing the T reg-specific transcription factor Foxp3 predominantly infiltrated growing tumors in control mice, indicating that tumor-infiltrating natural Foxp3 super(+)CD25 super(+)CD4 super(+) T reg cells may hamper the development of effective tumor immunity. Taken together, T cell stimulation through GITR attenuates T reg-mediated suppression or enhances tumor-killing by CD4 super(+) and CD8 super(+) effector T cells, including those secreting IFN- gamma , or both. Agonistic anti-GITR mAb is therefore instrumental in treating advanced cancers.
A finite element method based on ALE formulation has been adopted to examine the aerodynamic characteristics of an oscillating circular cylinder when the separated shear layers around thecylinder is ...stimulated by periodic velocity excitation on the cylinder surface. As a result, the negative damping caused by the unsteady lift force is found to be reduced by some cases of the periodic excitation, thereby stabilizing the cylinder aerodynamically. Furthermore, it is shown that the change of the lift phase relative to the cylinder displacement by the periodic excitation seems to play an important role in stabilizing the cylinder.
Six Cases of Superior Mesenteric Artery Embolisms Hasegawa, Shigeo; Kimura, Wataru; Hachiya, Osamu ...
Nihon Fukubu Kyukyu Igakkai Zasshi (Journal of Abdominal Emergency Medicine),
2010/09/30, Letnik:
30, Številka:
6
Journal Article
Odprti dostop
Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) embolisms are often difficult to diagnose and the treatment results have to date not been favorable, however some cases are occasionally seen in which surgical ...operations could be avoided. We examined the diagnosis and the treatments regarding the SMA embolism cases which we experienced at our institution. The subjects were six cases of SMA embolism which we had experienced over the past 10 years. Surgical intervention was indicated in five cases and resection of the intestinal tract for four cases. All four cases suffered from short-bowel syndrome but three cases from the four were discharged from hospital by concurrently undergoing home parenteral nutrition (HPN). The non-surgical case underwent angiography two hours after the onset, and the embolytic therapy was effective. SMA is a disease which is difficult to diagnose, and a surgical operation requires a large amount of resection of the intestinal tract, which has resulted in the short-bowel syndrome. However, there is a possibility of avoiding a surgical operation depending on the individual case and the time which has elapsed between onset and treatment.
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