This paper describes the design and the performance of the timing detector developed by the TOTEM Collaboration for the Roman Pots (RPs) to measure the Time-Of-Flight (TOF) of the protons produced in ...central diffractive interactions at the LHC. The measurement of the TOF of the protons allows the determination of the longitudinal position of the proton interaction vertex and its association with one of the vertices reconstructed by the CMS detectors. The TOF detector is based on single crystal Chemical Vapor Deposition (scCVD) diamond plates and is designed to measure the protons TOF with about 50 ps time precision. This upgrade to the TOTEM apparatus will be used in the LHC run 2 and will tag the central diffractive events up to an interaction pileup of about 1. A dedicated fast and low noise electronics for the signal amplification has been developed. The digitization of the diamond signal is performed by sampling the waveform. After introducing the physics studies that will most profit from the addition of these new detectors, we discuss in detail the optimization and the performance of the first TOF detector installed in the LHC in November 2015.
This work involves the study of vacuum filtration of nitrogen-rich and nitrogen-restricted activated sludge cultivated in a completely mixed, continuous-flow reactor with sludge recycle. The ...relationship between sludge filterability in terms of specific resistance and sludge growth conditions such as liquid aeration time, organic loading, and sludge age was thoroughly examined. In addition, to understand the effect of microbial physiology on the dewatering characteristics of the activated sludge, the contents of sludge protein and carbohydrate were measured, as was surface charge. However, morphological examination of activated sludge flocs was also performed to observe the population shift between zoogleal and filamentous organisms under various experimental conditions. The effect of conditioner to solids ratio on specific resistance was tested by using the activated sludge grown under different nutrient and growth conditions.
IntroductionThe earth sciences differ from other scientific disciplines in their focus on processes one cannot easily repeat or control. Examples are the nucleation of earthquakes as brittle failure ...along faults, or the creeping flow processes in the Earth's interior driving plate tectonics and the geologic activity of our planet. The inherent experimental limitations and the indirect nature of our observations explain the need for sophisticated modeling approaches. And with continued growth of computer hardware performance, the crossing of some long-standing thresholds in capacity and capability computing is finally underway. For instance, it is now feasible to implement earth models having in excess of 1–10 billion grid points, a number that matters because it allows us to overcome in three-dimensional (3-D) models the disparate length scales characteristic of key geologic phenomena: an earthquake rupturing a fault segment over a distance of some 100 km while emanating seismic energy throughout the planet (10 000 km), or the peculiar nature of plate tectonics with deformation concentrated along narrow plate boundaries of 10–100 km width separated by plates of dimension 1 000–10 000 km. But capable hardware and raw compute power are not sufficient by themselves to advance demanding earth system simulations. Equally critical are sophisticated software, visualization tools, data portals, and shared middleware and software libraries, collectively known as cyberinfrastructure.Cyberinfrastructure forms a comprehensive modeling environment to integrate computing hardware, data, networks, digitally enabled sensors, observatories, and experimental facilities.
PDF
