Moyamoya disease is generally considered as a slowly progressive occlusive disease of the circle of Willis. Pathological investigation has revealed that the occlusion develops due to fibrocellular ...thickening of the intima. In spite of various studies, however, the etiology of this disease and the mechanism of the intimal thickening remain unknown. Fibronectin (FN) is a high molecular weight glycoprotein which is found in an insoluble form in many tissues and in a soluble form in plasma and other body fluids. FNs have many biological activities and play an important role in the formation of connective tissue under physiological and pathological conditions. In the present study we have determined the plasma FN levels in order to investigate the relationship between FN and moyamoya disease. The subjects were 39 patients with moyamoya disease who were in the chronic stage after reconstructive surgery, 39 age- and sex-matched normal healthy controls, and 39 patients with atherosclerotic cerebrovascular disease in the chronic stage. The plasma FN levels were measured by the single radial immunodiffusion method using venous blood samples. The plasma FN level in healthy subjects was 33.9 +/- 6.3 mg/dl (mean +/- standard deviation) which almost agreed with the level, 30-35 mg/dl, reported by some investigators. In the patients with moyamoya disease the level was 42.5 +/- 7.9 mg/dl, showing a significant increase (p less than 0.001) compared with the healthy subjects. Then the subjects were classified into a child group (15 years or younger) and an adult group (16 years or older) and their levels were examined.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Microtexture and microstructure evolution during repetitive equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) of pure aluminum through a 90° die was evaluated by orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) and ...transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Billet distortion appears to conform to the idealized ECAP model. After the initial pass, the textures were inhomogeneous but one or more shear-texture components and long-range lattice rotations were apparent. Following repetitive ECAP, the textures became more homogeneous but still included either two or three distinct shear-texture orientations. The OIM and TEM data revealed meso-scale deformation bands that were inclined at about 26° to the axis of the as-pressed samples and that involved alternation of lattice orientations between distinct shear-texture orientations. The band interfaces were of high disorientation (40–62.8°) and were distinct boundaries in TEM. The evolution of the band structures during repetitive ECAP accounts for an increasing population of high-angle boundaries in repetitively processed materials.
Quantifying the role that freshwater ecosystems play in the global carbon cycle requires accurate measurement and scaling of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) removal in river networks. We reviewed ...reach‐scale measurements of DOC uptake from experimental additions of simple organic compounds or leachates to inform development of aquatic DOC models that operate at the river network, regional, or continental scale. Median DOC uptake velocity (vf) across all measurements was 2.28 mm min−1. Measurements using simple compound additions resulted in faster vf (2.94 mm min−1) than additions of leachates (1.11 mm min−1). We also reviewed published data of DOC bioavailability for ambient stream water and leaf leachate DOC from laboratory experiments. We used these data to calculate and apply a correction factor to leaf leachate uptake velocity to estimate ambient stream water DOC uptake rates at the reach scale. Using this approach, we estimated a median ambient stream DOC vf of 0.26 mm min−1. Applying these DOC vf values (0.26, 1.11, 2.28, and 2.94 mm min−1) in a river network inverse model in seven watersheds revealed that our estimated ambient DOC vf value is plausible at the network scale and 27 to 45% of DOC input was removed. Applying the median measured simple compound or leachate vf in whole river networks would require unjustifiably high terrestrial DOC inputs to match observed DOC concentrations at the basin mouth. To improve the understanding and importance of DOC uptake in fluvial systems, we recommend using a multiscale approach coupling laboratory assays, with reach‐scale measurements, and modeling.
Key Points
Better understanding of DOC processing in river networks is needed
Reach‐scale DOC uptake velocity is faster for simple compounds than leachates
Reach‐scale DOC uptake velocities are implausibly fast at the network scale
Correctly diagnosing a rare childhood cancer such as sarcoma can be critical to assigning the correct treatment regimen. With a finite number of pathologists worldwide specializing in pediatric/young ...adult sarcoma histopathology, access to expert differential diagnosis early in case assessment is limited for many global regions. The lack of highly-trained sarcoma pathologists is especially pronounced in low to middle-income countries, where pathology expertise may be limited despite a similar rate of sarcoma incidence. To address this issue in part, we developed a deep learning convolutional neural network (CNN)-based differential diagnosis system to act as a pre-pathologist screening tool that quantifies diagnosis likelihood amongst trained soft-tissue sarcoma subtypes based on whole histopathology tissue slides. The CNN model is trained on a cohort of 424 centrally-reviewed histopathology tissue slides of alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and clear-cell sarcoma tumors, all initially diagnosed at the originating institution and subsequently validated by central review. This CNN model was able to accurately classify the withheld testing cohort with resulting receiver operating characteristic (ROC) area under curve (AUC) values above 0.889 for all tested sarcoma subtypes. We subsequently used the CNN model to classify an externally-sourced cohort of human alveolar and embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma samples and a cohort of 318 histopathology tissue sections from genetically engineered mouse models of rhabdomyosarcoma. Finally, we investigated the overall robustness of the trained CNN model with respect to histopathological variations such as anaplasia, and classification outcomes on histopathology slides from untrained disease models. Overall positive results from our validation studies coupled with the limited worldwide availability of sarcoma pathology expertise suggests the potential of machine learning to assist local pathologists in quickly narrowing the differential diagnosis of sarcoma subtype in children, adolescents, and young adults.
We report high-resolution (0.07 arcsec) near-infrared polarized intensity images of the circumstellar disk around the star 2MASS J16042165-2130284 obtained with HiCIAO mounted on the Subaru 8.2 m ...telescope. We present our H-band data, which clearly exhibit a resolved, face-on disk with a large inner hole for the first time at infrared wavelengths. We detect the centrosymmetric polarization pattern in the circumstellar material as has been observed in other disks. Elliptical fitting gives the semimajor axis, semiminor axis, and position angle (P.A.) of the disk as 63 AU, 62 AU, and -14degrees, respectively. The disk is asymmetric, with one dip located at P.A.s of ~85degrees. Our observed disk size agrees well with a previous study of dust and CO emission at submillimeter wavelength with Submillimeter Array. Hence, the near-infrared light is interpreted as scattered light reflected from the inner edge of the disk. Our observations also detect an elongated arc (50 AU) extending over the disk inner hole. It emanates at the inner edge of the western side of the disk, extending inward first, then curving to the northeast. We discuss the possibility that the inner hole, the dip, and the arc that we have observed may be related to the existence of unseen bodies within the disk.
ABSTRACT We present a new Subaru/HiCIAO high-contrast H-band polarized intensity (PI) image of a nearby transitional disk associated with TW Hydrae. The scattered light from the disk was detected ...from 0 2 to 1 5 (11-81 AU) and the PI image shows a clear axisymmetric depression in PI at ∼0 4 (∼20 AU) from the central star, similar to the ∼80 AU gap previously reported from Hubble Space Telescope images. The azimuthal PI profile also shows that the disk beyond 0 2 is almost axisymmetric. We discuss two possible scenarios explaining the origin of the PI depression: (1) a gap structure may exist at ∼20 AU from the central star because of a shallow slope seen in the PI profile, and (2) grain growth may be occurring in the inner region of the disk. Multi-band observations at near-infrared and millimeter/submillimeter wavelengths play a complementary role in investigating dust opacity and may help reveal the origin of the gap more precisely.
We have successfully consolidated hydrogenation–disproportionation–desorption–recombination (HDDR) processed Nd–Fe–Co–Zr–B–Ga powder by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The field compacted samples were ...sintered at different temperatures (
T
S) from 550 to 600
°C with compressive pressure of 80
MPa for 20
min. Microstructural investigations by transmission electron microscopy indicated that the sintered specimen exhibits Nd
2Fe
14B grains of ~300
nm with Nd-rich grain boundary phase. The optimum magnetic properties of
B
r: 1.22
T,
H
c: 928
kA/m,
B
H
c: 600
kA/m, (BH)
max: 210
kJ/m
3 were obtained in the sample sintered at 550
°C. The strategy for further improving the coercivity and remanence is discussed based on the microstructure-property relationships.
Aluminum nitride (AlN) ceramics were fabricated by pressureless sintering with various sintering additives such as 5 mass % Y2O3, 2 mass % Y2O3–3 mass % Al2O3, 3 mass % Y2O3–1 mass % CaO–0.08 mass % ...B, and 6 mass % Y2O3–2 mass % CaO–0.16 mass % B. The relative density, phases present, lattice parameter c, and thermal conductivity of the samples were evaluated. The oxygen concentration in AlN lattice was estimated from the lattice parameter c by using the relation between the oxygen concentration and the lattice parameter c of AlN. To analyze the effects on the thermal conductivity of the samples, we plotted the oxygen concentration in AlN lattice estimated from the lattice parameters c versus the thermal resistivity, which is inverse of the thermal conductivity measured in this work. The data of the samples sintered with 5 mass % Y2O3 and 3 mass % Y2O3–1 mass % CaO–0.08 mass % B located on the plot of the relation between oxygen concentration in AlN lattice and thermal resistivity of AlN presented by Slack (Slack’s line) or Harris et al. (Harris’s line), respectively. In contrast, the data of the samples sintered with 2 mass % Y2O3–3 mass % Al2O3 and 6 mass % Y2O3–2 mass % CaO–0.16 mass % B, which contain excess grain boundary phases, located above the Harris’s line. It was suggested that the thermal conductivity of the samples could be influenced by the density, the oxygen content in AlN lattice, and the presence of grain boundary phases.
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