The author of this paper presents the contemporary status of Polish as a dynamically developing linguistic and cultural reality. The rapid changes occurring in Poland in various fields of the ...nation’s life following 1989 are immediately refl ected in the Polish language, which has been radically changing since then. By comparing the research conducted by Stanisław Dubisz, Stanisław Gajda and his own observations, the author seeks the most general causes of the changes. Apart from the internal evolution of the system, the most important causes of changes in Polish after 1989 arise from the enormous pressure of the new reality triggered by the political revolution and the influence of new global cultural tendencies, in particular consumerism, mediality, IT revolution, Americanisation of life and culture, Europeanisation, and Postmodernism.
Political populism is characterised by extremely sharp, emphatic, radical manner of speaking. To this end it takes advantage of several rhetorical mechanisms which serve the reinforcement of ...utterances. This paper analyses such linguistic means as: epithet, metaphor, irony, hyperbole, rhetorical question, as well as the realisation of the we-you (they) opposition. The use of such rhetorical means is conditioned on the fact that the recipients of these texts are ordinary people – the domain of populists’ activities. Polish populist texts after 1989 are shaped to suit the level of recipients. No complex figures of speech are to be encountered there.
“The teaching and the promotion of the Polish language in the world. Assessment – status – perspectives” is an indispensable item in the library of teachers, lecturers, instructors, Polonia ...activists, promoters of cultural activities, journalists and diplomats – to put it briefly, all people who are concerned about the prestige, the fate and the status of the Polish language in the world and all people upon whom the fate and the status of the Polish language depends. The publication was developed by the following team of authors: Władysław Miodunka, Jolanta Tambor, Aleksandra Achtelik, Romuald Cudak, Danuta Krzyżyk, Jan Mazur, Bernadeta Niesporek-Szamburska, Kazimierz Ożóg, Adam Pawłowski, Dorota Praszałowicz, Anna Seretny, Roman Szul, Agnieszka Tambor, Tadeusz Zgółka (collaborators: Małgorzata Smereczniak, Karolina Graboń). The authors at the same time constitute a team of experts appointed by His Magnificence Rector of the University of Silesia on the basis of an agreement with the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in January 2017 in order to develop a strategy of the teaching and the promotion of the Polish language in the world which was supposed to involve the following items:• the teaching of the Polish language as a foreign language in all age groups, at all levels, both in the system of non-higher education and higher education and in all forms;• the promotion of the Polish language in the world, along with an indication of the priority geographical areas and the areas of substance, as well as the instruments of promotion;• the coordination of the activities and the establishment of the tasks of the particular institutions;• the indication of the scope of the necessary legislative modifications and the means of financing.The work on the strategy was completed in July 2017, the book is going to be released in July 2018. The chronological distance is slight but it is quite eventful. Above all in October 2017 one established the National Agency of Academic Exchange, an institution which took over the tasks of the Bureau for Academic Recognition and International Exchange, but also of a number of other sections, divisions and departments. Before the publication of the work the authors attempted to introduce the necessary changes, which take into account the new situation. However, this was not always possible.The authors assess the current status of the teaching and the promotion of the Polish language in the world and they put forward the best solutions to solve the problems, they suggest the best solutions possible. We realise that prompt realisation of some of the changes which are proposed is not possible, for it would require huge system-related modifications – however, these are maximum plans, which indicate the ills of the current state of affairs and the things which are relevant to teachers, students, parents of children of Polish origin and foreigners who learn Polish for a variety of reasons (e.g. migrants, refugees, as well as re-emigrants, who enter the Polish system of education), things which are also relevant to the enthusiasts of Polish literature, Polish theatre, Polish cinema, to people who stay abroad where access to the products of culture is sometimes considerably limited; to Polish tourists, travellers, passengers who are hard put to receive Polish announcements in airplanes, Polish-language customer service in trains or Polish notices in such airports. Fragments of this publication will be useful for students who major in foreign language pedagogy, for post-graduate students who train to become teachers of the Polish language as a foreign language. The work should be consulted by teachers, lecturers as well as students. Inspiration from this work ought to be drawn by people who are responsible to introduce certain changes, to make certain decisions and introduce some solutions which are put forward.The work describes the status at the turn of 2018 – the status which remains the same system-wise. It furnishes a basis for re-thinking, it indicates the things that may be fixed quickly and easily, and the things which require a greater deal of effort. We would like to indicate clearly – and this is very important – that the work also presents all of the accomplishments, triumphs and the strong points of Polish-as-a-foreign-language education and the promotion of Poland and the Polish language.
The text presents the monuments dedicated to saints, priests and martyrs erected in Poland in the public space. The year 1989, apart from the economic, social and cultural changes, brought about ...essential modifications in monuments. This so-called catching up resulted in, among others, “the explosion” of the monuments of John Paul II as well as other works related with the sacrum. These were the figures and monuments of local God’s servants, the beatified and saints, patrons and other clergymen associated with a given place. After 1989, one can notice the return of the patrons into, for example, town heraldry. Their significance for local history and culture is accentuated more than before. In the collection under analysis, one can find both the monuments which are the figures of saints: Michael, Lawrence or saint Martin (horse monument in Odolanów) as well as the images of native saints: Adalbert, Bruno from Querfurt, Hedwig of Silesia. The objects which are more known are bigger; they are often of poor artistic quality. The examples include Jesus Christ in Świebodzin or the collection of sculpting stations making up the Beskidzka Calvary in Radziechowy. What is also noteworthy is the fact that the memory of local priests, sometimes martyrs, is also revived. Some of them, however, are amateur works. Another problem is connected with the situations in which those moments come into being quite fast, in which the transparency of procedures, good taste or law and required permits are not well taken care of. The examples of the Cracow monuments of Piotr Skarga (in pl. św. Marii Magdaleny) or John Paul II (in Wawel Castle) are good cases in point. The last part of the text pertains to the symbol of the cross, employed in monuments (the examples are the Millennium Monument in Kołobrzeg as well as the Papal monument erected in pl. Piłsudskiego in Warsaw).
Text treated about the issue connected with St. Augustin iconography which is medieval legend about the child encountered on the beach who is explaining to the Doctor of a Church the absurdity of his ...attempt to understand the mystery of Holy Trinity. Analysis take over the earliest — generally of 15th Century painting from Italian area — images, as well as, engravings that contemporary belong to the British Museum, and originating mainly in German countries in 16th Century. Variety of possible frames according to this legend shows not only differences in a form of crafts, but also opposite ways of looking at the figure of August and a value of this anecdote in order to understand the meaning of all his achievements. Apart from literally correctness of illustrations from this story, there is also a image of a child being present in a study of the Saint, who accompanied him at work.
Every human action in the dimension of the person and group is surrounded by language. The rule of being in a word also applies to religion and especially to the relationships of man and community ...with God. The article analyses the fundamental role of language in the liturgy of the Catholic Church. In the author’s view the great communication act defining liturgical events consists of a series of mocro-acts: worship, prayer, thanksgiving, repentance and theological statement. Liturgy is a great character behavior. The shape of liturgical formulas is logical, transparent, representing mainly the high variety of Polish.
The subject of the analysis performed by the author were the names of God in the songs recorded in the “Church Songbook”, by Rev. Jan Siedlecki. It is a relatively large collection of nominations the ...centre of which contains a collection of the names related to God the Father, successively to the Son of God Jesus Christ and the Holy Spirit. There are also frequent references to “Lord, Creator, Lamb of God”. The use of a given name depends on Christian dogmas and the prayer purposes of the speech acts.
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