Abstract
We are developing the Gamma-Ray Astro-Imager with Nuclear Emulsion project, designed for 10 MeV–100 GeV cosmic
γ
-ray observations with a high angular resolution (5′/0.°08 at 1–2 GeV) and a ...polarization-sensitive large-aperture (∼10 m
2
) emulsion telescope for repeated long-duration balloon flights. In 2018, a balloon-borne experiment was carried out in Australia with a 0.38 m
2
sensitive area and a flight duration of 17.4 hr, including 6.7 hr of Vela observations. Significant improvements compared with the 2015 balloon-borne experiment were achieved by a factor of 5, including both an increase in effective area × time and a reduction in the background contribution. We aimed to demonstrate the telescope’s overall performance based on detection and imaging of a known
γ
-ray source, the Vela pulsar. A robust detection of the Vela pulsar was achieved with a 68% containment radius of 0.°42, at a significance of 6
σ
, at energies above 80 MeV. The resulting angular profile is consistent with that of a pointlike source. We achieved the current best imaging performance of the Vela pulsar using an emulsion
γ
-ray telescope with the highest angular resolution of any
γ
-ray telescope to date.
In recent years, sport tourism has been promoted due to its expected contribution to regional revitalization. In Japan, the Rugby World Cup was held in 2019 and the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic ...Games were held in 2021, attracting attention to spectator-type events, and studies targeting sports spectators have been conducted. In spectator sports, most of the studies have been conducted on team sports, and most of the sports spectator studies have been conducted on professional sports. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between positive affect and behavioral intentions among spectators of track and field events, which have not been focused on in sports tourism research. This study was based on a questionnaire survey of spectators of track and field events, obtaining valid data from 71 parts of the population living outside the host area. Results revealed that pleasant feelings of high arousal had a positive effect on re-watching intention and word-of-mouth intention. We believe that organizers of track and field events can be effective in working to increase the positive affect of high arousal in order to encourage spectators’ behavioral intentions. Future research should focus on emotions before and after watching the games, and the effects of changes in spectators’ emotions on their behavioral intentions.
Abstract
The Gamma-Ray Astro-Imager with Nuclear Emulsion (GRAINE) project is aimed at the precise observation of astronomical gamma-ray sources in the energy range of 10 MeV–100 GeV using a ...balloon-borne telescope utilizing a nuclear emulsion, which can help realize precise imaging with high angular resolution (1.0○ at 100 MeV), polarization sensitivity, and large aperture area (10 m2). In 2018, the third balloon experiment was carried out as a demonstration of the detection of the brightest known astronomical gamma-ray source, the Vela pulsar, with an aperture area of 0.38 m2. In these data, some gamma rays were produced by the π0 → 2γ decay, which was caused by the hadronic interactions of cosmic rays in the detector. These could be used to calibrate the reconstructed angle, energy, and so on. In this study, we establish a method of searching for hadronic interactions and concomitant gamma rays with high statistics and purity. Our analysis indicates that the performance of our detector for gamma rays is as expected in wide incidence angle and energy ranges. We plan to commence scientific observations using the proposed system with the verified high angular resolution and largest aperture area in 2022 or later.
The GRAINE project observes cosmic gamma-rays, using a balloon-borne emulsion-film-based telescope in the sub-GeV/GeV energy band. We reported in our previous balloon experiment in 2018, GRAINE2018, ...the detection of the known brightest source, Vela pulsar, with the highest angular resolution ever reported in an energy range of \(>\)80 MeV. However, the emulsion scanning system used in the experiment was designed to achieve a high-speed scanning, and it was not accurate enough to ensure the optimum spacial resolution of the emulsion film and limited the performance. Here, we report a new high-precision scanning system that can be used to greatly improve the observation result of GRAINE2018 and also be employed in future experiments. The system involves a new algorithm that recognizes each silver grain on an emulsion film and is capable of measuring tracks with a positional resolution for the passing points of tracks of almost the same as the intrinsic resolution of nuclear emulsion film (\(\sim\)70 nm). This resolution is approximately one order of magnitude smaller than that obtained with the high-speed scanning system. With this system, an angular resolution for gamma-rays of 0.1\(^\circ\) at 1 GeV is expected to be achieved. Furthermore, we successfully combine the new high-precision system with the existing high-speed system, establishing the system to make a high-speed and high-precision measurement. Employing these systems, we reanalyze the gamma-ray events detected previously by only the high-speed system in GRAINE2018 and obtain an about three times higher angular resolution (0.22\(^\circ\)) in 500--700 MeV than the original value. The high-resolution observation may bring new insights into the gamma-ray emission from the Galactic center region and may realize polarization measurements of high-energy cosmic gamma-rays.
A series of p-nitroanilides of t-butyloxycarbonylamino acids, including Boc-Trp, Boc-Asn, Boc-Gln, Boc-Ser(But), Boc-Thr(But), Boc-Asp(OBut), Boc-Lys(TFA), and Boc-His(Boc), were prepared ...conveniently by the mixed anhydride method using 2,2-dimethylpropanoic chloride (pivaloyl chloride). The products were obtained in 40-60% yields after purification by column chromatography on Sephadex LH-20. p-Nitroanilide of histidine was purified after deprotection of Boc-His(Boc)-pNA and obtained as H-His-pNA.2HCl.
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