High fat diet-induced changes in gut microbiota have been linked to intestinal permeability and metabolic endotoxemia, which is related to metabolic disorders. However, the influence of a ...high-glucose (HGD) or high-fructose (HFrD) diet on gut microbiota is largely unknown. We performed changes of gut microbiota in HGD- or HFrD-fed C57BL/6J mice by 16S rRNA analysis. Gut microbiota-derived endotoxin-induced metabolic disorders were evaluated by glucose and insulin tolerance test, gut permeability, Western blot and histological analysis. We found that the HGD and HFrD groups had comparatively higher blood glucose and endotoxin levels, fat mass, dyslipidemia, and glucose intolerance without changes in bodyweight. The HGD- and HFrD-fed mice lost gut microbial diversity, characterized by a lower proportion of Bacteroidetes and a markedly increased proportion of Proteobacteria. Moreover, the HGD and HFrD groups had increased gut permeability due to alterations to the tight junction proteins caused by gut inflammation. Hepatic inflammation and lipid accumulation were also markedly increased in the HGD and HFrD groups. High levels of glucose or fructose in the diet regulate the gut microbiota and increase intestinal permeability, which precedes the development of metabolic endotoxemia, inflammation, and lipid accumulation, ultimately leading to hepatic steatosis and normal-weight obesity.
Background
With improved short-term surgical outcomes, laparoscopic distal gastrectomy has rapidly gained popularity. However, the safety and feasibility of laparoscopic total gastrectomy (LTG) has ...not yet been proven due to the difficulty of the technique. This single-arm prospective multi-center study was conducted to evaluate the use of LTG for clinical stage I gastric cancer.
Methods
Between October 2012 and January 2014, 170 patients with pathologically proven, clinical stage I gastric adenocarcinoma located at the proximal stomach were enrolled. Twenty-two experienced surgeons from 19 institutions participated in this clinical trial. The primary end point was the incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality at postoperative 30 days. The severity of postoperative complications was categorized according to Clavien–Dindo classification, and the incidence of postoperative morbidity and mortality was compared with that in a historical control.
Results
Of the enrolled patients, 160 met criteria for inclusion in the full analysis set. Postoperative morbidity and mortality rates reached 20.6% (33/160) and 0.6% (1/160), respectively. Fifteen patients (9.4%) had grade III or higher complications, and three reoperations (1.9%) were performed. The incidence of morbidity after LTG in this trial did not significantly differ from that reported in a previous study for open total gastrectomy (18%).
Conclusions
LTG performed by experienced surgeons showed acceptable postoperative morbidity and mortality for patients with clinical stage I gastric cancer.
Quantum chemical analysis is presented, motivated by Grée and co-workers’ observation of salt effects Adv. Synth. Catal. 2006, 348, 1149–1153 for SN2 fluorination of KF in ionic liquids (ILs). We ...examine the relative promoting capacity of KF in bmimPF6 vs. bmimCl by comparing the activation barriers of the reaction in the two ILs. We also elucidate the origin of the experimentally observed additional rate acceleration in IL bmimPF6 achieved by adding KPF6. We find that the anion PF6− in the added salt acts as an extra Lewis base binding to the counter-cation K+ to alleviate the strong Coulomb attractive force on the nucleophile F−, decreasing the Gibbs free energy of activation as compared with that in its absence, which is in good agreement with experimental observations of rate enhancement. We also predict that using 2 eq. KF together with an eq. KPF6 would further activate SN2 fluorination
We present the origin of the observed differentiation of lactose and lactulose achieved by complexation with sodiated l -arginine (ArgNa + ). We find that the infrared multiphoton dissociation ...(IRMPD) bands in 3600–3650 and >3650 cm −1 regimes for gas phase lactose and lactulose, respectively, vanish when forming host–guest complexes with ArgNa + . We interpret these differences in the IRMPD spectra by scrutinizing the interactions between the functional groups (guanidium, –CO 2 − Na + ) in ArgNa + and –OHs in lactose/lactulose. Our calculated structures and infrared spectra of lactose/ArgNa + and lactulose/ArgNa + host–guest pairs indicate that the functional groups interact with the low- and high-frequency –OH stretch modes of lactose and lactulose, respectively, in the 3600–3720 cm −1 window.
We investigate the structural correlation of noncovalent crown ether/H+/L‐tryptophan (CR/TrpH+) host–guest complexes in the solution phase with those in the gas phase generated through electrospray ...ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS) techniques. We perform quantum chemical calculations to determine their structures, relative Gibbs free energies, and infrared spectra. We compare the calculated infrared (IR) spectra with the IR multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) spectra observed for the 18‐Crown‐6/TrpH+ complex by Polfer and co‐workers J. Phys. Chem. A 2013, 117, 1181–1188 for assigning the IR bands. We observe that the carboxyl group remains “naked,” lacking hydrogen bonding with the CR unit in the gas phase, and that this most stable conformer originates from the corresponding lowest Gibbs free energy structure in solution. Based on these findings, we propose that gas phase host–guest complexes directly correlate with those in solution, reinforcing the possibility of obtaining invaluable information about host–guest–solvent interactions in solution from the structure of the host–guest pair in the gas phase.
Gas phase CR/TrpH+ complex originates from the structurally correlating conformer in solution, indicating that the information about host–guest–solvent interactions can be extracted from the host–guest configuration in gas phase.
•The first approach of gellan gum to liver health benefit.•Gellan gum was able to ameliorate non-alcoholic fatty liver diseasein high fat-fed mice.•Protein expression related to hepatic inflammation ...and lipid metabolism was improved.•Gut environment changedby increasing the beneficial bacteria and metabolites.•Changed gut microbiota alter the fatty liver-related markers and short-chain fatty acids.
Gellan gum (GG) is an anionic polysaccharide used as an additive in the food industry. However, the effect of GG on gut microbiota regulation and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has not yet been investigated. In vitro fermentation experiments have demonstrated that GG promoted the growth of probiotic strains such as Lactiplantibacillus rhamnosus and Bifidobacterium bifidum, producing metabolites beneficial to gut health. In mice, GG reduced hepatic triglyceride content, serum biomarkers, and body fat mass and weight gain induced by a high fat diet. Additionally, GG regulated the gut microbiota including Desulfovibrionales, Deferribacterales, Bacteroidales, and Lactobacillales at the order level and also promoted short-chain fatty acid production. Moreover, GG improved the expression of proteins related to hepatic inflammation and lipid metabolism. Taken together, GG ameliorated NAFLD, possibly by acting on the gut–liver axis via improving the gut health, indicating its potential as a food supplement and/or prebiotic against NAFLD.
Designing high‐performance, precious‐metal‐based, and economic electrocatalysts remains an important challenge in proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzers. Here, a highly active and durable ...bifunctional electrocatalyst for PEM electrolyzers based on a rattle‐like catalyst comprising a Ni/Ru‐doped Pt core and a Pt/Ni‐doped RuO2 frame shell, which is topotactically transformed from an icosahedral Pt/Ni/Ru nanocrystal, is reported. The RuO2‐based frame shell with its highly reactive surfaces leads to a very high activity for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic media, reaching a current density of 10 mA cm−2 at an overpotential of 239 mV, which surpasses those of previously reported catalysts. The Pt dopant in the RuO2 shell enables a sustained OER activity even after a 2000 cycles of an accelerated durability test. The Pt‐based core catalyzes the hydrogen evolution reaction with an excellent mass activity. A two‐electrode cell employing Pt/RuO2 as the electrode catalyst demonstrates very high activity and durability, outperforming the previously reported cell performances.
A high‐performance bifunctional electrocatalyst for water electrolysis by topotactic transformations of Pt/Ni/Ru nanocrystals is designed. A rattle‐like open nanostructure with a Ni/Ru‐doped Pt core and a Pt/Ni‐doped RuO2 frame shell not only promotes oxygen evolution with very high activity and durability but also enables a high activity for hydrogen evolution. In the two‐electrode system, the catalyst exhibits excellent performance than previously reported cells.
We propose a novel scheme of examining the host-guest-solvent interactions in solution from their gas phase structures. By adopting the permethylated β-cyclodextrin (perm β-CD)-protonated L-Lysine ...non-covalent complex as a prototypical system, we present the infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectrum of the gas phase complex produced by electrospray ionization technique. In order to elucidate the structure of perm β-CD)/LysH
complex in the gas phase, we carry out quantum chemical calculations to assign the two strong peaks at 3,340 and 3,560 cm
in the IRMPD spectrum, finding that the carboxyl forms loose hydrogen bonding with the perm β-CD, whereas the ammonium group of L-Lysine is away from the perm β-CD unit. By simulating the structures of perm β-CD/H
/L-Lysine complex in solution using the supramolecule/continuum model, we find that the extremely unstable gas phase structure corresponds to the most stable conformer in solution.
Noble metal binary alloy nanoframes have emerged as a new class of fuel cell electrocatalysts because of their intrinsic high catalytic surface area and accompanied high catalytic activity. However, ...their inferior structural and compositional stability during catalysis pose as formidable huddles to their practical applications. Herein, it is reported that introduction of an additional component to the binary catalytic system may serve as a simple and effective means of enhancing the structural and compositional stability of nanoframe‐based electrocatalysts. It is demonstrated that in situ doping of Co to the PtCu alloy nanoframe yields a ternary PtCuCo rhombic dodecahedral nanoframe (Co‐PtCu RNF) with a reinforced vertex structure. Co‐PtCu RNF exhibits superior electrocatalytic activity and durability for the oxygen reduction reaction to those of PtCu rhombic dodecahedral nanoframe (PtCu RNF) and Pt/C catalysts, due to its ternary composition and vertex‐strengthened frame structure. Furthermore, Co‐PtCu RNF shows enhanced activity for the methanol oxidation reaction as compared to PtCu RNF and Pt/C.
Novel vertex‐reinforced ternary alloy nanoframes with Pt, Cu, and Co exhibit excellent electrocatalytic activity and stability toward the oxygen reduction and the methanol oxidation under acidic condition compared to binary PtCu nanoframes.
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