The focus of the study is the analysis of the potential benefits for the growth and sustainable development of micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) and entrepreneurs that would arise from the ...improvement of the domestic financial system through the introduction and representation of microfinance institutions. The study has been conducted on a sample of 150 respondents from the banking and private sector. Data analysis has been performed by a non-parametric method, the chi-square ch2 test of independence. Statistical data processing is performed using the statistical software package IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results of the study indicate that the domestic financial system is banking-centric, undeveloped, poor and does not encourage sustainable development and growth of micro, small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurs. Also, the research confirmed that the introduction of microfinance institutions would contribute to the improvement of the domestic financial system, the establishment of micro, small and medium enterprises and entrepreneurs, as well as their positive business performance results and sustainable development.
Cilj istraživanja je da se utvrdi relativan značaj dve grupe faktora koje determinišu stopu neto migracija: ekonomskih, kao što je visina bruto prosečne mesečne zarade i neekonomskih, koji obuhvataju ...kvalitet institucionalnog uređenja oslonjen prevashodno na indikatore kontrole korupcije i vladavine prava. Prema neoklasičnoj teoriji migracija ekonomski faktori imaju dominantan uticaj na donošenje odluke o migracijama. Institucionalna teorija migracija zagovara stav da institucionalni i upravljački faktori imaju prevagu nad ekonomskim. Na uzorku od 48 evropskih zemalja, za period 1996 – 2021. godine primenom tehnika ekonometrijske analize panel podataka identifikovani su prediktori stope neto migracija u evropskim zemljama. Analiza je potvrdila da je kvalitet institucionalnog okvira od izuzetne važnosti i da su vladavina prava i kontrola korupcije imali snažniji uticaj na neto migracije u zemljama Evrope od bruto prosečnih mesečnih zarada. Istraživanjem je takođe potvrđeno i to da su institucionalni faktori imali snažniji uticaj na neto migracije u manje razvijenim evropskim zemljama koje nisu članice Evropske unije nego u 28 zemalja članica. Manje razvijene evropske zemlje moraju posebnu pažnju posvetiti izgradnji institucija, vladavini prava i kontroli korupcije ukoliko žele da zaustave negativne trendove u neto migracijama, te da ovi faktori imaju prevagu u odnosu na ekonomske koji su bili dominantni u XX veku.
The Earned Value Method represents a relatively new project management tool, which uses the information on costs, time schedule and operating performance in order to determine the current status of ...the project. It allows the project manager to predict the final outcome of the project, based on current known individual values, and represents a method for estimating the project performance or performance efficiency. The paper describes the basic principles of this method, with the aim to introduce the potential application of this useful tool for management of mining projects to wider professional community, especially with regards to the possibility of its application in the management of large investment projects, such as the surface mining projects of mineral deposits.
U radu je analizirano na koji način razvojne finansijske institucije (Development Finance Institutions-DFIs) doprinose ostvarenju ciljeva održivog razvoja pružajući podršku privatnom sektoru u ...zemljama sa nižim nivoom dohotka i niskom stopom ekonomskog rasta. Predmet istraživanja se odnosio na njihove investicione aktivnosti i uticaj na unapređenje poslovne klime u nerazvijenim zemljama i ostvarenje važnih ciljeva koji se odnose na smanjenje siromaštva, rast zaposlenosti i otvaranje novih radnih mesta, rast državnih poreskih prihoda, uz poštovanje ekoloških kriterijuma i principa zelene ekonomije koji su fokusirani na očuvanje životne sredine. Prezentovan je javnopolitički i regulatorni model razvojnih finansijskih institucija Evropske unije, uporedni pregled rešenja modela razvojnih finansijskih institucija odabranih država članica Evropske unije, država regiona, kao i regulatorni režim i institucionalni okvir modela razvojnih finansijskih institucija u Republici Srbiji i ukazano na potrebu osnivanja nacionalne razvojne finansijske institucije, po ugledu na vodeće razvojne banke država Evropske unije. U radu je analizirano na koji način finansijske institucije koje su trenutno zastupljene u domaćem finansijskom sistemu pružaju finansijsku podršku sektoru mikro, malih i srednjih preduzeća i preduzetnika (MMSPP), koji je najviše zaslužan za generisanje novih radnih mesta, kao jedan od glavnih pokretača privrednog rasta i razvoja kroz svoj lanac vrednosti. Budući da se razvijenost finansijskog sistema ogleda u raznovrsnosti finansijskih institucija koje ga čine, napravljen je poseban osvrt na učešće banaka u finansijskim uslugama i analiziran domaći finansijski sistem i bankocentričnost kao njegova glavna karakteristika. Predstavljena je uporedna analiza domaćeg finansijskog sistema sa sistemima tranzicionih zemalja u okruženju i ustanovljeno da je potrebno uvesti mikrokreditne finansijske institucije kako bi se finansijski sistem unapredio i bio u funkciji održivog razvoja. Istraživanjem je potvrđeno da je zeleno finansiranje, kao jedan od vidova podrške održivom razvoju, u domaćem bankarskom sektoru ispod potencijala i da su zeleni krediti skup izvor finansiranja sektora MMSPP. Na kraju, ekonometrijskom analizom vremenskih serija je utvrđen pozitivan uticaj investicija razvojnih finansijskih institucija u projekte održivog razvoja na rast bruto domaćeg proizvoda i potvrđeno da bi zastupljenost razvojnih banaka, kao vidova razvojnih finansijskih institucija, u Srbiji doprinela unapređenju domaćeg finansijskog sistema i privrednom rastu.
Society and economies face the necessity of social, political and,
consequently, legal addressing of discrimination based on different personal
characteristics, such as gender, race, language, ...political opinion, national
origin, and ethnic and social status. In this regard, it is possible to look
at, especially from the conceptual-theoretical, as well as the accompanying
applicative aspect, and give a conceptual demarcation of (gender) equality
in relation to the institute of women?s inequality as an established
vulnerable category in workplaces. For many years throughout history in
traditional and patriarchal societies, women had a subordinate position with
an emphasis on the dominance of the paternalistic concept of man?s position
in the world of work. However, in the last decade, as more is being written,
spoken, and more research is being conducted on the subject of
discrimination at work, efforts have been made to solve this problem. The
latest trends related to the transition to a green economy also aim to
promote the importance and necessity of mitigating factual inequality
between the sexes with legal measures deriving from the principle of equal
opportunities and procedures in employment and work. The subject of this
analysis is an overview of gender inequalities in the labour market, Norway,
Slovenia and Serbia, which were taken as examples of good practices in the
period from 2015 to 2021. The comparison is made with a focus on the current
concept of promoting a green economy and sustainable development. The goal
of the paper is to determine whether the green economy is a chance to
alleviate inequality and increase equality in the labour market, or whether
it carries limitations that can hardly be overcome when it comes to the
world of work.
Various factors can motivate and encourage individuals to leave their country
of origin and engage in the process of international migration. Large
migration flows over the past few years, which are ...a consequence of the
so-called refugee crisis in 2015, have resulted in a significant increase in
academic interest in international migration. Although many factors can
encourage international migration, people?s desire to increase their
standard of living is undoubtedly one of the most important causes. This
empirical study analyses the economic determinants of net international
migration. It was conducted using techniques of econometric analysis of
panel data on an extensive balanced panel data sample covering 136 countries
over a period of 30 years (1990-2019). Although this study focuses on the
analysis of the economic determinants of net international migration, it is
necessary to point out that in this case it is not a one-way impact. Apart
from the fact that economic indicators affect international migration, it is
indisputable that there is an effect in the opposite direction, i.e. that
migration flows significantly affect the economic performance of the origin
and destination country. This influence can be realised through different
mechanisms. The potential presence of reverse causality generates a problem
of potentially endogenous regressors, which must be considered when
selecting model estimation techniques. The estimation of the models was
performed using the following two techniques that allow cross-section
dependence: (i) standard common correlated effects pooled estimator (CCEP),
which is based on the application of the ordinary least squares method; and
(ii) modified common correlated effects pooled estimator, which is based on
the application of the two-stage least squares method, allowing the presence
of endogenous regressors. The obtained findings suggest that the impact of
the unemployment rate on net international migration is negative. Estimates
generated by the standard CCEP technique (as well as by the modified CCEP
technique) show that an increase in the unemployment rate of 1% results in a
decrease in net international migration by about 0.03 migrants (0.06
migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. Education has a positive impact on net
international migration. The standard CCEP technique (modified CCEP
technique) points to the fact that a 1% increase in education results in an
increase in net international migration of about 0.01-0.02 migrants (0.003
migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. The level of development of the migrant
network has a positive effect on net international migration. The standard
and modified CCEP technique show that increasing the stock of migrants by 1%
increases net international migration by about 0.04-0.05 migrants, i.e. by
about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. Finally, estimates obtained using
the standard CCEP technique suggest that a 1% increase in per capita gross
domestic product (GDPpc) results in an increase in net international
migration of about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants, while the results of
the modified and more credible CCEP technique show that growth in GDPpc by
1% implies a decrease in net international migration by about 0.02 migrants
per 1,000 inhabitants. The negative effect of GDPpc could be rationalised by
the existence of an inverted-U relationship between GDPpc and emigration
(mobility transition curve). Acceptance of such an explanation requires that
the following conditions be met: (i) there is an inverted-U relationship
between emigration and GDPpc; (ii) the countries in the sample fit within
the growing part of this relationship; and (iii) when GDPpc grows,
emigration increases absolutely more than immigration.
Various factors can motivate and encourage individuals to leave their country of origin and engage in the process of international migration. Large migration flows over the past few years, which are ...a consequence of the so-called refugee crisis in 2015, have resulted in a significant increase in academic interest in international migration. Although many factors can encourage international migration, people’s desire to increase their standard of living is undoubtedly one of the most important causes.This empirical study analyses the economic determinants of net international migration. It was conducted using techniques of econometric analysis of panel data on an extensive balanced panel data sample covering 136 countries over a period of 30 years (1990‒2019). Although this study focuses on the analysis of the economic determinants of net international migration, it is necessary to point out that in this case it is not a one-way impact. Apart from the fact that economic indicators affect international migration, it is indisputable that there is an effect in the opposite direction, i.e. that migration flows significantly affect the economic performance of the origin and destination country. This influence can be realised through different mechanisms. The potential presence of reverse causality generates a problem of potentially endogenous regressors, which must be considered when selecting model estimation techniques.The estimation of the models was performed using the following two techniques that allow cross-section dependence: (i) standard common correlated effects pooled estimator (CCEP), which is based on the application of the ordinary least squares method; and (ii) modified common correlated effects pooled estimator, which is based on the application of the two-stage least squares method, allowing the presence of endogenous regressors.The obtained findings suggest that the impact of the unemployment rate on net international migration is negative. Estimates generated by the standard CCEP technique (as well as by the modified CCEP technique) show that an increase in the unemployment rate of 1% results in a decrease in net international migration by about 0.03 migrants (0.06 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. Education has a positive impact on net international migration. The standard CCEP technique (modified CCEP technique) points to the fact that a 1% increase in education results in an increase in net international migration of about 0.01‒0.02 migrants (0.003 migrants) per 1,000 inhabitants. The level of development of the migrant network has a positive effect on net international migration. The standard and modified CCEP technique show that increasing the stock of migrants by 1% increases net international migration by about 0.04‒0.05 migrants, i.e. by about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. Finally, estimates obtained using the standard CCEP technique suggest that a 1% increase in per capita gross domestic product (GDPpc) results in an increase in net international migration of about 0.01 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants, while the results of the modified and more credible CCEP technique show that growth in GDPpc by 1% implies a decrease in net international migration by about 0.02 migrants per 1,000 inhabitants. The negative effect of GDPpc could be rationalised by the existence of an inverted‒U relationship between GDPpc and emigration (mobility transition curve). Acceptance of such an explanation requires that the following conditions be met: (i) there is an inverted-U relationship between emigration and GDPpc; (ii) the countries in the sample fit within the growing part of this relationship; and (iii) when GDPpc grows, emigration increases absolutely more than immigration.
Introduction: Chronic Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection leads to progressive fibrosis making fibrosis staging necessary in the evaluation of such patients. Different fibrosis scores are emerging as ...possible non-invasive alternatives for liver biopsy. The Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4) and AST to Platelet Ratio Index (APRI) scores are the most widely used and the most extensively tested. This study aims to determine if it was possible to accurately use these to identify patients that are unlikely to have severe fibrosis.
Methodology: One hundred and forty-two patients with chronic hepatitis C infection who underwent liver biopsy since January 1st 2014 until May 31st 2017 at the Hospital for Infectious and Tropical Diseases in Belgrade were analyzed. The FIB-4 and APRI scores were calculated for each patient and compared to histologically determined fibrosis stage.
Results: A comprehensive statistical analysis was conducted in order to compare patients with and without severe fibrosis and to evaluate the accuracy of the fibrosis scores. Patients with non-severe fibrosis were younger, had higher platelet counts and lower transaminase levels. FIB-4 had an AUC of 0.875 and the APRI score had an AUC of 0.861. No patients with severe fibrosis or cirrhosis had a FIB-4 lower than 1.08. FIB-4 was superior to APRI in identifying patients with severe fibrosis in the study cohort.
Conclusion: FIB-4 was superior to APRI in the recognition of severe fibrosis. FIB-4 may prove very useful in identifying patients without advanced liver disease, especially if other non-invasive methods are inaccessible.
Fashion phenomenon has always attracted attention, but this topic has never been as popular as it is now. Fashion industry permeates all the aspects of human society and it portrays the time we live ...in the best way. Globalization of fashion and internalisation of doing business in fashion industry have conditioned moving all the important business functions to the countries with noticeably cheaper price of all the resources which has influenced reduction of the cost of fashion products. Textile industry in Serbia, once successful branch of the processing industry, is faced with foreign competition which has succeeded in positioning in the domestic market and attracting wide range of consumers. The research concerning consumers' preferences about fashion brands by determining which factors influence consumers the most while shopping will present the current situation in fashion industry of Serbia. By taking all brand characteristics into account (quality, price, design, commodity, prestige), we can determine the differences in evaluating the factors which apply to choosing garments by examinees regarding their gender, age and market they buy the products on. The case study showing how the consumers from Serbia and abroad see Mona fashion brand will be presented in the research.
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