Hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC) is the method of choice for determination of the drug-to-antibody ratio (DAR) and drug load distribution for cysteine (Cys)-linked antibody-drug ...conjugates (ADCs). The drug-loaded species are resolved based on the increasing hydrophobicity with the least hydrophobic, unconjugated form eluting first and the most hydrophobic, 8-drug form eluting last. The area percentage of a peak represents the relative distribution of the particular drug-loaded ADC species. The weighted average DAR is then calculated using the percentage peak area information and the drug load numbers. Reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) offers an orthogonal method to obtain DAR for Cys-linked ADCs. The method involves, first, a reduction reaction to completely dissociate the heavy and light chains of the ADC, then separation of the light and heavy chains and their corresponding drug-loaded forms on an RP column. The percentage peak area from integration of the light chain and heavy chain peaks, combined with the assigned drug load for each peak, is used to calculate the weighted average DAR.
A novel single-fed low-cost wideband and high-gain slotted cavity antenna based on substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology using high-order cavity modes is demonstrated in this paper. ...High-order resonant modes (TE130, TE310, TE330) inside the cavity are simply excited by a coaxial probe which is located at the center of the antenna. Energy is coupled out of the cavity by a 3 × 3 slot array etched on the top surface of the cavity. Two antennas with different polarizations are designed and tested. Measured results show that the linearly polarized prototype achieves an impedance bandwidth (|S 11 | <; -10 dB) of > 26% (28 to 36.6 GHz), and a 1-dB gain bandwidth of 14.1% (30.3 to 34.9 GHz). In addition, a measured maximum gain of 13.8 dBi and radiation efficiency of 92% are obtained. To generate circularly polarized radiation, a rotated dipole array is placed in front of the proposed linearly polarized antenna. Measured results show that the circularly polarized antenna exhibits a common bandwidth (10-dB return loss bandwidth, 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth, and 1-dB gain bandwidth) of 11%.
Radical-mediated functionalization of alkenes has been emerging as an elegant and straightforward protocol to increase molecule complexity. Moreover, the abstraction of a hydrogen atom from aldehydes ...to afford acyl radicals has evolved as a rising star due to its high atom-economy and the ready availability of aldehydes. Considering the great influence and synthetic potential of acyl radical enabled reactions between aldehydes and alkenes, we provide a summary of the state of the art in this field with a specific emphasis on the working models and corresponding mechanisms. The discussion is divided according to the kind of alkenes and reaction type.
Acyl radical enabled reactions between aldehydes and alkenes.
The present research explores the interplay of visual perspectives and psychological distance in consumer hotel evaluation. Across three studies, the results indicated that if consumers perceive a ...hotel to be psychologically distal, they process the hotel information more fluently and consequently evaluate the hotel more favorably when exterior pictures are provided than when interior pictures are available. On the contrary, if consumers perceive a hotel to be psychologically proximal, this effect would be reversed. The effect is driven by a “matching” between consumers’ psychological distance from the hotel (i.e., proximal vs. distant) and the types of information available (i.e., interior vs. exterior pictures) that generates a high level of processing fluency. Our findings provide actionable suggestions for hotel marketing professionals concerning how to display a hotel product with different pictures depending on its specific distance attributes.
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•An electrochemical sensor for SARS-CoV-2 was constructed based on a smartphone.•The signal amplification of the sensor was based on supersandwich-type recognition strategy.•The ...detectable ratios of the sensor were higher than those obtained by RT-qPCR.•The sensor has the lowest limit of detection among the published approaches to date.•The sensor showed high specificity and selectivity.
The recent pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 caused by a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a threat to public health globally. Thus, developing a rapid, accurate, and easy-to-implement diagnostic system for SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for controlling infection sources and monitoring illness progression. Here, we reported an ultrasensitive electrochemical detection technology using calixarene functionalized graphene oxide for targeting RNA of SARS-CoV-2. Based on a supersandwich-type recognition strategy, the technology was confirmed to practicably detect the RNA of SARS-CoV-2 without nucleic acid amplification and reverse-transcription by using a portable electrochemical smartphone. The biosensor showed high specificity and selectivity during in silico analysis and actual testing. A total of 88 RNA extracts from 25 SARS-CoV-2-confirmed patients and eight recovery patients were detected using the biosensor. The detectable ratios (85.5 % and 46.2 %) were higher than those obtained using RT-qPCR (56.5 % and 7.7 %). The limit of detection (LOD) of the clinical specimen was 200 copies/mL, which is the lowest LOD among the published RNA measurement of SARS-CoV-2 to date. Additionally, only two copies (10 μL) of SARS-CoV-2 were required for per assay. Therefore, we developed an ultrasensitive, accurate, and convenient assay for SARS-CoV-2 detection, providing a potential method for point-of-care testing.
We have investigated the electronic structure and carrier mobility of four types of phosphorous monolayer sheet (α-P, β-P,γ-P and δ-P) using density functional theory combined with Boltzmann ...transport method and relaxation time approximation. It is shown that α-P, β-P and γ-P are indirect gap semiconductors, while δ-P is a direct one. All four sheets have ultrahigh carrier mobility and show anisotropy in-plane. The highest mobility value is ~3 × 10(5) cm(2)V(-1)s(-1), which is comparable to that of graphene. Because of the huge difference between the hole and electron mobilities, α-P, γ-P and δ-P sheets can be considered as n-type semiconductors, and β-P sheet can be considered as a p-type semiconductor. Our results suggest that phosphorous monolayer sheets can be considered as a new type of two dimensional materials for applications in optoelectronics and nanoelectronic devices.
In our previous work (W. Zhang et al., Space-charge dominated epitaxial BaTiO3 heterostructures, Acta Mater. 85 (2015) 207–215), it was demonstrated that a space charge dominated BaTiO3 thin film can ...have much improved energy storage characteristics when compared with a regular insulating film of ferroelectric BaTiO3. However, the improved recoverable electric energy density (discharged energy per unit volume), Wre, is still constrained by the maximum/saturated polarization (Ps) of the BaTiO3 thin film. Here we propose a novel method to further improve Wre in ferroelectric thin film heterostructures by using interlayer coupling in an epitaxial ferroelectric bilayer. In our model structure, a ferroelectric BiFeO3 layer with a large remnant polarization (Pr ∼70 μC/cm2) was deposited in-situ on top of a BaTiO3/SrRuO3 heterostructure which shows a small remnant polarization (Pr ∼ 3 μC/cm2). The resulted bilayer structure showed a slim P-E hysteresis loop characterized by a small remnant polarization and a large saturated one (Ps ≫ Pr), which can be well explained by a competition between the effect of space charges (dominant at low field) and that of the interlayer charge coupling (dominant at high field). The large difference, i.e. Ps − Pr, increases the recoverable electric energy density by about 85% (from ∼28 J/cm3 to ∼51 J/cm3).
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into multiple lineages including osteogenic and adipogenic lineages. An increasing number of studies have indicated that lineage ...commitment by MSCs is influenced by actin remodeling. Moreover, actin has roles in determining cell shape, nuclear shape, cell spreading, and cell stiffness, which eventually affect cell differentiation. Osteogenic differentiation is promoted in MSCs that exhibit a large spreading area, increased matrix stiffness, higher levels of actin polymerization, and higher density of stress fibers, whereas adipogenic differentiation is prevalent in MSCs with disrupted actin networks. In addition, the mechanical properties of F-actin empower cells to sense and transduce mechanical stimuli, which are also reported to influence differentiation. Various biomaterials, mechanical, and chemical interventions along with pathogen-induced actin alteration in the form of polymerization and depolymerization in MSC differentiation were studied recently. This review will cover the role of actin and its modifications through the use of different methods in inducing osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation.
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases pose a major threat worldwide. Common cardiovascular diseases include acute myocardial infarction (AMI), heart failure, atrial fibrillation (AF) and atherosclerosis. ...Glycolysis process often has changed during these cardiovascular diseases. Lactate, the end-product of glycolysis, has been overlooked in the past but has gradually been identified to play major biological functions in recent years. Similarly, the role of lactate in cardiovascular disease is gradually being recognized. Targeting lactate production, regulating lactate transport, and modulating circulating lactate levels may serve as potential strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in the future. The purpose of this review is to integrate relevant clinical and basic research on the role of lactate in the pathophysiological process of cardiovascular disease in recent years to clarify the important role of lactate in cardiovascular disease and to guide further studies exploring the role of lactate in cardiovascular and other diseases.
Dielectric capacitors have the highest charge/discharge speed among all electrical energy devices, but lag behind in energy density. Here we report dielectric ultracapacitors based on ferroelectric ...films of Ba(Zr
,Ti
)O
which display high-energy densities (up to 166 J cm
) and efficiencies (up to 96%). Different from a typical ferroelectric whose electric polarization is easily saturated, these Ba(Zr
,Ti
)O
films display a much delayed saturation of the electric polarization, which increases continuously from nearly zero at remnant in a multipolar state, to a large value under the maximum electric field, leading to drastically improved recyclable energy densities. This is achieved by the creation of an adaptive nano-domain structure in these perovskite films via phase engineering and strain tuning. The lead-free Ba(Zr
,Ti
)O
films also show excellent dielectric and energy storage performance over a broad frequency and temperature range. These findings may enable broader applications of dielectric capacitors in energy storage, conditioning, and conversion.
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