Abstract Background Since the introduction of newer, more potent P2Y12 receptor inhibitors (P2Y12 ris), practice patterns and associated clinical outcomes in patients with myocardial infarction (MI) ...undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and also requiring oral anticoagulation (OAC) have not been fully characterized. Methods The Canadian Observational Antiplatelet Study was a prospective, multicenter, longitudinal, observational study (26 hospitals, Dec/11-May/13) describing P2Y12 ri treatment patterns and outcomes in patients with ST-elevation and non-ST-elevation MI undergoing PCI. We describe the clinical characteristics, treatment patterns, bleeding and ischemic outcomes over the 15-month follow-up within and between the subgroups of patients discharged on either dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT; ASA + P2Y12 ri) or triple therapy (ASA + P2Y12 ri + OAC). Results Of the 2034 patients at discharge, 86% (n = 1757) were on DAPT, while 14% (n = 277) were on triple therapy (50% warfarin, 50% non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant NOAC). The frequency of newer P2Y12 ri use (prasugrel or ticagrelor) was similar in the DAPT and triple therapy groups (28% vs 26%, respectively). In the triple therapy group, NOAC use was higher in those receiving a new P2Y12 ri compared to those receiving clopidogrel (75% vs 41%, respectively, P < .0001). The unadjusted and adjusted events of MACE and bleeding were higher in the triple therapy group. For patients on triple therapy, the bleeding or MACE events were not significantly different between those on clopidogrel versus those on ticagrelor or prasugrel. Conclusion In this observational study of MI patients requiring PCI, 1 in 8 were discharged on triple antithrombotic therapy, of whom 26% were on newer P2Y12 ris. Patients on triple therapy had higher risk at baseline, with higher unadjusted and adjusted MACE and bleeding events compared to those on DAPT alone. Amongst triple therapy-treated patients, there was no difference in the MACE and bleeding events regardless of the P2Y12 ri used.
In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), selecting an antithrombotic regimen requires balancing risks of ischemic cardiac events, stroke, and ...bleeding.
We studied 467 patients with AF undergoing PCI in the time period from December 2015 to July 2018 identified via a chart audit by 47 Canadian cardiologists in the CONNECT AF+PCI (the Coordinated National Network to Engage Interventional Cardiologists in the Antithrombotic Treatment of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention) study, to determine patterns of initial antithrombotic therapy selection.
The median (25th, 75th percentile) CHADS2 score was 2 (1, 3), and PCI was performed in the setting of acute coronary syndrome in 62.1%. Triple antithrombotic therapy (TAT) was the initial treatment in 62.7%, dual-pathway therapy in 25.7%, and dual antiplatelet therapy in 11.6%, with a temporal increase in use of dual-pathway therapy during the course of the study; median intended TAT duration was 1 (1, 3) month. Compared with patients selected for TAT, patients selected for dual-pathway therapy were less likely to have prior myocardial infarction (35.8% vs 25.8%, P = 0.045) and prior PCI (33.8% vs 23.3%, P = 0.03), and they received shorter total length of stents (38 23, 56 vs 30 20, 46 mm, P = 0.03). Patients selected for dual-pathway therapy had a higher prevalence of prior stroke/transient ischemic attack (13.0% vs 23.3%, P = 0.01). There was no difference in prevalence of anemia (21.5% vs 25.8%, P = 0.30). Use of dual-pathway therapy was similar among patients with acute coronary syndrome and those with stable disease (24.1% vs 28.2%, P = 0.32).
Approximately one-quarter of AF patients undergoing PCI are treated with dual-pathway therapy in Canadian practice, with its use increasing during the studied period. Patients selected for dual-pathway therapy have less-complex coronary disease history and intervention.
Les patients atteints de fibrillation auriculaire (FA) qui subissent une intervention coronarienne percutanée (ICP) et choisissent un schéma posologique antithrombotique ont besoin de peser les risques d’événements cardiaques d’origine ischémique, d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux et d’hémorragies.
Les 467 patients atteints de FA ayant subi une ICP de décembre 2015 à juillet 2018 qui ont fait l’objet de notre étude ont été trouvés lors de la vérification des dossiers par 47 cardiologues canadiens de l’étude CONNECT AF+PCI (CoordinatedNationalNetwork toEngage InterventionalCardiologists in the AntithromboticTreatment of Patients WithAtrialFibrillation UndergoingPercutaneousCoronaryIntervention) pour déterminer les schémas de sélection du traitement antithrombotique initial.
Le score CHADS2 médian (25e, 75e percentile) était de 2 (1, 3), et l’ICP avait été réalisée dans le cadre du syndrome coronarien aigu chez 62,1 % des patients. La trithérapie antithrombotique (TTA) était le traitement initial chez 62,7 % des patients, la bithérapie, chez 25,7 % des patients, et la bithérapie antiplaquettaire, chez 11,6 % des patients, mais il y avait une augmentation temporelle dans l’utilisation de la bithérapie durant l’étude; la durée médiane prévue de la TTA était de 1 (1, 3) mois. Comparativement aux patients sélectionnés pour la TTA, les patients sélectionnés pour la bithérapie étaient moins susceptibles d’avoir eu un infarctus du myocarde précédent (35,8 % vs 25,8 %, P = 0,045) et une ICP précédente (33,8 % vs 23,3 %, P = 0,03), et recevaient des endoprothèses de longueur totale plus courte (38 23, 56 vs 30 20, 46 mm, P = 0,03). Les patients sélectionnés pour la bithérapie montraient une prévalence plus élevée d’accidents vasculaires cérébraux/accidents ischémiques transitoires (13,0 % vs 23,3 %, P = 0,01). Il n’existait aucune différence dans la prévalence de l’anémie (21,5 % vs 25,8 %, P = 0,30). L’utilisation de la bithérapie était similaire chez les patients atteints d’un syndrome coronarien aigu et chez les patients dont la maladie était stable (24,1 % vs 28,2 %, P = 0,32).
Dans la pratique canadienne, environ le quart des patients atteints de FA qui subissent une ICP sont traités par bithérapie, mais durant la période étudiée, son utilisation avait augmenté. Les patients sélectionnés pour la bithérapie ont des antécédents et des interventions liées aux maladies coronariennes moins complexes.
Heart failure (HF) is a common reason for admission to the cardiac intensive care unit. We sought to identify the role of an HF consultation service in improving the management of this patient ...population.
We identified all adult patients admitted to the cardiac intensive care unit (2014-2015) at the University Health Network with a diagnosis of acute decompensated HF ± cardiogenic shock (CS). Clinical characteristics and course were recorded. We calculated a propensity score–adjusted association between HF consultation and in-hospital mortality.
A total of 285 unique patients were identified in our cohort. Of these, 82 (28.7%) died. A total of 150 patients (52.6%) were co-managed by an HF service, and 135 patients (47.3%) were not. Patients who were managed by an HF team were younger (52.5 vs 68.0 years, P < 0.0001), were more likely to be admitted with CS (61.3 vs 41.5%, P < 0.0009), and had higher rates of vasoactive medications during their admission (69.3% vs 52.6%, P < 0.005). At discharge, there were higher rates of discharge to a HF clinic (52.0% vs 27.5%, P < 0.0001) and prescription of guideline-directed medical therapy. In-hospital mortality was lower in those co-managed by a HF team (16.7% vs 42.2%, P < 0.0001). HF consultation reduced the odds of readmission by 76% (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.13-0.47).
Patients managed by a HF team were more likely to be in CS at admission, to survive to discharge from hospital, and to be initiated on guideline-directed medical therapy with HF follow-up.
L’insuffisance cardiaque (IC) est un motif fréquent d’admission à l’unité de soins intensifs de cardiologie. Cette étude visait à cerner le rôle d’un service de consultation spécialisé en IC dans l’amélioration de la prise en charge de la population de patients atteinte de cette affection.
Un recensement de tous les patients adultes admis en 2014-2015 à l’unité de soins intensifs de cardiologie du Réseau universitaire de santé et ayant reçu un diagnostic d’IC aiguë décompensée avec ou sans choc cardiogénique a été effectué. Les caractéristiques cliniques et l’évolution de l’atteinte avaient été consignées pour ces patients. L’association, ajustée en fonction du score de propension, entre la consultation pour IC et la mortalité hospitalière a été calculée.
Au total, 285 patients uniques ont été recensés dans la cohorte. De ce nombre, 82 (28,7 %) patients sont décédés. Sur les 285 patients, 150 (52,6 %) avaient été pris en charge conjointement par un service spécialisé en IC, tandis que les 135 (47,3 %) autres ne l’avaient pas été. Les patients pris en charge par une équipe spécialisée en IC étaient plus jeunes (52,5 vs 68,0 ans, p < 0,0001), étaient plus susceptibles d’être en proie à un choc cardiogénique à l’admission (61,3 vs 41,5 %, p < 0,0009) et étaient plus nombreux à avoir reçu un agent vasoactif à l’admission (69,3 % vs 52,6 %, p < 0,005). Ils ont aussi été plus nombreux à être orientés vers une clinique spécialisée en IC à leur sortie de l’hôpital (52,0 % vs 27,5 %, p < 0,0001) et à se voir prescrire un traitement médical recommandé dans des lignes directrices. La mortalité hospitalière était plus faible chez les patients qui ont fait l’objet d’une prise en charge conjointe par une équipe spécialisée en IC (16,7 % vs 42,2 %, p < 0,0001). La consultation d’une équipe spécialisée en IC a en outre réduit le risque de réadmission de 76 % (rapport de cotes de 0,24; intervalle de confiance à 95 % : 0,13-0,47).
Les patients pris en charge par une équipe spécialisée en IC étaient plus susceptibles d’être en proie à un choc cardiogénique à l’admission, de survivre à leur sortie de l’hôpital, de se voir prescrire un traitement médical recommandé dans des lignes directrices et de faire l’objet d’un suivi dans une clinique spécialisée en IC.
Abstract Background Radial artery occlusion occurs after transradial cardiac catheterization or percutaneous coronary intervention. Although use of a sheath larger than the artery is a risk factor ...for radial artery occlusion, radial artery size is not routinely measured. We aimed to identify bedside predictors of radial artery diameter. Methods Using ultrasound, we prospectively measured radial, ulnar, and brachial artery diameters of 130 patients who presented for elective percutaneous coronary intervention or diagnostic angiography. Using prespecified candidate variables we used multivariable linear regression to identify predictors of radial artery diameter. Results Mean internal diameters of the right radial, ulnar, and brachial arteries were 2.44 ± 0.60, 2.14 ± 0.53, and 4.50 ± 0.88 mm, respectively. Results for the left arm were similar. The right radial artery was larger in men than in women (2.59 vs 1.91 mm; P < 0.001) and smaller in patients of South Asian descent (2.00 vs 2.52 mm; P < 0.001). Radial artery diameter correlated with wrist circumference ( r2 = 0.26; P < 0.001) and shoe size ( r2 = 0.25; P < 0.001) and weakly correlated with height ( r2 = 0.14; P < 0.001), weight ( r2 = 0.18; P < 0.001), body mass index ( r2 = 0.07; P = 0.002), and body surface area ( r2 = 0.22; P < 0.001). The independent predictors of a larger radial artery were wrist circumference ( r2 = 0.26; P < 0.001), male sex ( r2 = 0.06; P < 0.001), and non-South Asian ancestry ( r2 = 0.05; P = 0.006; final model r2 = 0.37; P < 0.001). A risk score using these variables predicted radial artery diameter (c-statistic, 0.71). Conclusions Wrist circumference, male sex, and non-South Asian ancestry are independent predictors of increased radial artery diameter. A risk score using these variables can identify patients with small radial arteries.
Abstract Background Myocardial contrast echocardiography during angiography is critical in identifying appropriate septal perforator(s) for alcohol septal ablation (ASA) in patients with hypertrophic ...obstructive cardiomyopathy. We evaluated whether there were other angiographic and/or echocardiographic markers that might identify patients who are anatomically suitable for ASA. Methods We performed quantitative coronary angiographic analysis and echocardiographic assessment on 74 patients referred for ASA from January 2004 to July 2012 at the Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Patients who proceeded to ASA were compared with those in whom ASA was aborted. Results Of the 74 patients referred for ASA, 63 proceeded to ASA and in 11 patients ASA was aborted because of various anatomic and technical reasons. There were no clinically significant differences observed in quantitative angiographic and echocardiographic measurements between the 2 groups. The ratio of ostial left main (LM) to ablated septal distance on angiography vs the basal septum to the septum area where the mitral valve contacted the septum because of systolic anterior motion (SAM) was 1.53. In the whole cohort, a significant correlation was observed between the ostial LM to the target septal distance and the distance from basal septum to SAM-septal contact point on echocardiography ( r = 0.39; P = 0.008). A stronger correlation was evident when analysis was restricted to patients undergoing ASA only ( r = 0.44; P = 0.006). Conclusions Echocardiographic and angiographic assessments of the distance between the basal septum to SAM-septal contact point and ostial LM to the target septal distance might be useful in preprocedural selection of the appropriate septal perforator for ASA.
The modern-day cardiac intensive care unit (CICU) has evolved to care for patients with acute critical cardiac illness. We describe the current population of cardiac patients in a quaternary CICU.
...Consecutive CICU patients admitted to the CICU at the Toronto General Hospital from 2014 to 2020 were studied. Patient demographics, admission diagnosis, critical care resources, complications, in-hospital mortality, and CICU and hospital length of stay were recorded.
A total of 8865 consecutive admissions occurred, with a median age of 64.9 years. The most common primary cardiac diagnoses were acute decompensated heart failure (17.8%), non ST-elevation myocardial infarction (16.8%), ST-elevation myocardial infarction (15.5%), and arrhythmias (14.7%). Cardiogenic shock was seen in 13.2%, and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in 4.1%. A noncardiovascular admission diagnosis accounted for 13.9% of the cases. Over the period studied, rates of admission were higher for cardiogenic shock (P < 0.001 for trend), with a higher use of critical care resources. Additionally, rates of admission were higher in female patients and those who had chronic kidney disease and diabetes. The in-hospital mortality rate of all CICU admissions was 13.2%, and it was highest in those with noncardiac conditions, compared to the rate in those with cardiac diagnoses (29.4% vs 10.6%, P < 0.001).
Given the trends of higher acuity of patients with cardiac critical illness, with higher use of critical care resources, education streams for critical care within cardiology, and alternative pathways of care for patients who have lower-acuity cardiac disease remain imperative to manage this evolving population.
L’unité de soins intensifs de cardiologie (USIC) d’aujourd’hui a évolué vers des soins aux patients atteints d’une maladie cardiaque aiguë en phase critique. Nous décrivons la population actuelle de patients cardiaques d’une USIC quaternaires.
Les patients consécutifs d’USIC admis à l’USIC de l’Hôpital général de Toronto de 2014 à 2020 ont fait l’objet de l’étude. Les données démographiques des patients, le diagnostic à l’admission, les ressources en soins aux patients en phase critique, les complications, la mortalité intrahospitalière, et la durée de séjour à l’hôpital et à l’USIC ont été enregistrés.
Il y a eu un total de 8 865 admissions consécutives dont les patients avaient un âge médian de 64,9 ans. Les diagnostics principaux les plus fréquents de maladies cardiaques étaient l'insuffisance cardiaque aiguë décompensée (17,8 %), l’infarctus du myocarde sans élévation du segment ST (16,8 %), l’infarctus du myocarde avec élévation du segment ST (15,5 %) et les arythmies (14,7 %). Le choc cardiogénique a été observé chez 13,2 %, et l’arrêt cardiaque hors de l’hôpital, chez 4,1 %. Un diagnostic d’admission de maladie non cardiovasculaire représente 13,9 % des cas. Durant la période étudiée, les taux d’admission en raison d’un choc cardiogénique étaient plus élevés (P < 0,001 pour la tendance), et entraînaient une utilisation plus élevée de ressources en soins aux patients en phase critique. De plus, les taux d’admission étaient plus élevés chez les patientes, et chez ceux qui avaient une insuffisance rénale chronique et un diabète. Le taux de mortalité intrahospitalière de toutes les admissions à l’USIC était de 13,2 %, et il constituait le taux le plus élevé chez ceux qui avaient des maladies non cardiaques comparativement au taux chez ceux qui avaient des diagnostics de maladies cardiaques (29,4 % vs 10,6 %, P < 0,001).
Compte tenu des tendances d’accroissement de la gravité de l’état des patients atteints d’une maladie cardiaque en phase critique et de la plus grande utilisation des ressources en soins aux patients en phase critique, des volets de formation en soins aux patients en phase critique en cardiologie et d’autres protocoles de soins des patients qui ont une maladie cardiaque de plus faible gravité demeurent essentiels à la prise en charge de cette population grandissante.
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Abstract Background The use of both bare-metal stents (BMSs) and drug-eluting stents (DESs) in the setting of multivessel percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) continues because of cost ...considerations. Methods A retrospective analysis of patients with ≥ 2 coronary arteries with angiographic stenoses of ≥ 70% severity who were treated with multivessel PCI and ≥ 2 stents between April 2007 and March 2011 was performed using a prospective single-centre PCI registry. Follow-up data were obtained from the Discharge Abstract Database of the Canadian Institute for Health Information and the Registered Persons Database. We performed propensity matching of the DES + BMS and DES-only groups, as well as Cox multiple regression analyses to determine the independent predictors of adverse events. Results A total of 1299 patients (514 in the DES + BMS group and 785 in the DES group) fulfilled the study criteria. Death or repeated revascularization at 5 years occurred less frequently in the DES + BMS group than in the DES group (23.9% ± 2.6% vs 33.1% ± 2.4%; P = 0.01), and major adverse cardiac events (MACE) tended to be less common in the DES + BMS group (31.1% ± 3.0% vs 36.7% ± 2.4%; P = 0.056). Kaplan-Meier estimates revealed an adjusted benefit with the DES + BMS strategy for death (11.4 ± 2.9 vs 14.9 ± 2.8; P = 0.035) and for death and repeated revascularization (25.6 ± 3.5 vs 32.4 ± 3.4; P = 0.034). Conclusions A DES + BMS PCI strategy is associated with a lower incidence of repeated revascularization and MACE at 5-year follow up. For patients undergoing multivessel PCI who have favourable anatomy and clinical features, a combined approach using DES and BMS appears to be a viable option for contemporary PCI practice.
Abstract Background The comparative efficacy of first- vs second-generation drug-eluting stents (DESs) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention ...(PCI) is unknown. Methods A retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing PCI at a tertiary PCI center from 2007-2011 was performed, with linkage to administrative databases for long-term outcomes. CKD was defined as creatinine clearance (CrCl) < 60 mL/min. Propensity matching by multivariable scoring method and Kaplan-Meier analyses were performed. Results Of 6481 patients with available CrCl values undergoing a first PCI during the study period, 1658 (25%) had CKD. First- and second-generation DESs were implanted in 320 (19.3%) and 128 (7.7%) patients with CKD, respectively. At 2 years, no significant differences were observed between first-generation (n = 126) and second-generation (n = 126) propensity-matched DES cohorts for the outcomes of death (19% vs 16%; P = 0.51), repeat revascularization (10% vs 10%; P = 1.00), and major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) (36% vs 37%; P = 0.90). The 2-year Kaplan-Meier survival was also similar ( P = 0.77). In patients with CKD, second-generation DES type was not an independent predictor for death ( P = 0.49) or MACCE ( P = 1.00). Conclusions Although the use of first- and second-generation DESs was associated with similar 2-year safety and efficacy in patients with CKD, our results cannot rule out a beneficial effect of second- vs first-generation DESs owing to small sample size. Future studies with larger numbers of patients with CKD are needed to identify optimal stent types, which may improve long-term clinical outcomes.
Abstract Background Coronary stenting is increasingly used to treat unprotected left main disease in selected patients. However, there is a paucity of data on the long-term outcome of these patients ...in a Canadian context outside of clinical trials. Methods We retrospectively reviewed all provincially-insured patients undergoing left main coronary stenting at a large tertiary referral centre from 2000-2011. Pre-procedural angiograms were reviewed to identify the location of left main disease, and extent of concomitant coronary disease quantified by calculating Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With TAXUS Drug-Eluting Stent and Cardiac Surgery (SYNTAX) scores for each patient. In-hospital death and major adverse cardiac event (MACE) rates were evaluated as were long-term death and MACE rates obtained via linkage of our institutional registry with the Ontario health claims database. Results Two hundred twenty-one patients underwent unprotected left main stenting with 29 (13.1%) in-hospital death and 34 (15.4%) a MACE. At an average follow-up of 3.1 ± 2.8 years, 109 patients (49.3%) died and 151 (68.3%) experienced a MACE. Higher SYNTAX tertile and use of bare metal rather than drug-eluting stents was associated with increased rates of in-hospital and long-term death. Conclusions This study reports, to our knowledge, the largest Canadian cohort of unprotected left main stenting over more than a decade. Coronary stenting was associated with acceptable in-hospital event rates, but poor long-term outcomes, reflecting the higher-risk population traditionally selected for this procedure.
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