Since 2007, the quality of
Russula
descriptions has improved and the use of molecular support for species delimitation and the number of published new species has increased. However, the description ...style is not consistent and has regional or author-specific patterns. Most recent publications still favour descriptions of spores compared to hymenium and pileipellis elements, and usually only the spore size is provided with statistical support. This study proposes standards for descriptions of the microscopic structure of
Russula
species (Russulaceae, Agaricomycetes). We present the description template, the template measurements table, the specific terminology and the essential chemical reagents. The proposed standards were tested by mycologists from 11 countries who met at the
Russula
Microscopy Workshop in Slovakia. Descriptions of 26 species from 9 countries and four continents were prepared, among them
R. amarissima
,
R. castanopsidis
,
R. seperina
and
R. subtilis
are re-described and 15 species are introduced as new:
R. abietiphila
,
R. amerorecondita
,
R. aurantioflava
,
R. echidna
,
R. flavobrunnescens
,
R. fluvialis
,
R. fortunae
,
R. garyensis
,
R. gemmata
,
R. laevis
,
R. madrensis
,
R. olivaceohimalayensis
,
R. purpureogracilis
,
R. sancti
-
pauli
and
R. wielangtae
. Seven descriptions for candidate new species are provided without a formal name assignment. Pairwise comparison of species described in this study with available similar descriptions of related species suggests that microscopic characters from all parts of the basidiomata can be equally important for species recognition and they deserve the same treatment including number of measurements and statistics. The majority of recent studies does not recognise differences between the pileus margin and centre, but more than one-third of the species described in this study show distinct differences between the pileus areas, emphasizing the importance to specify the origin of pileipellis observations. This study proved that there is frequently insufficient difference in the ITS barcode between closely related species and that it is necessary to use more genetic markers combined with ecological and geographical data.
Species of the genus Russula are key components of ectomycorrhizal ecosystems worldwide. Nevertheless, their diversity in the tropics is still poorly known. This study aims to contribute to the ...knowledge of the diversity of Russula species classified in subsection Roseinae based on specimens recently collected in tropical montane rainforests in western Panama. A five gene multilocus phylogeny based on the nuclear markers ITS nrDNA, MCM7, RPB1, RPB2 and TEF-1α was constructed to identify the systematic position of 22 collections from Panama. Four new species, Russula cornicolor, Russula cynorhodon, Russula oreomunneae and Russula zephyrovelutipes are formally described and illustrated. None of the four species are sister species and they are more closely related to North American or Asian species. Two of the newly described species were associated with the ectomycorrhizal tree species Oreomunnea mexicana, while the other two species were associated with Quercus species. All four species are so far only known from mountains in western Panama.
Since 2013 there have been 22 new species of
Laccaria
described worldwide. Only three of these represent species from the neotropics. In Panama,
Laccaria
is abundant in monodominant
Oreomunnea ...mexicana
(Juglandaceae) forests based on sporocarps and environmental sequencing of roots. This study uses a combination of morphological and phylogenetic evidence to document up to seven species of
Laccaria
from these forests, one previously described, three described as new, and three requiring more data before being formally described. Molecular data used for phylogenetic analysis include the nuclear ribosomal ITS and 28S regions, along with
TEF1
and
RPB2
.
Laccaria stellata
, has previously been reported from
O. mexicana
cloud forests of Panama.
Laccaria dallingii
sp. nov.,
L. nitrophila
sp. nov., and
L. fortunensis
sp. nov. are described as new based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of multiple collections. A taxon referred to as “PAN sp3” is resolved sister to
L. stellata.
Phylogenetic analysis also resolved two separate clades of Panamanian
Laccaria
as sister to
L. roseoalbescens
, a species previously described from Mexico. These three taxa are not described in this paper as there is too little material from which to make effective morphological descriptions even though their placement in phylogenetic analysis identify them as being unique. Ecologically, all described species except for
L. fortunensis
were amplified from
O. mexicana
ectomycorrhizal root tips.
L. nitrophila
was one of the most recovered species from the roots of
O. mexicana
in a previous study, and it has been shown to respond positively to long term nitrogen addition. Our results expand the knowledge of
Laccaria
diversity for Central America and highlight that at least some species of
Laccaria
are nitrophilic in neotropical Juglandaceae forests as well as in temperate forests.
A systematic revision of North American species with morphological similarities to
Inocybe grammata
was conducted based on materials collected in eastern and western North America and Central ...America. Eight taxa are confirmed in the group proposed here as
I.
sect.
Albodiscae
sect. nov
.
, species of which are often characterized by a bicolorous pileus with a distinct pallid disc, the margin covered with superficial silky fibrils, entirely pruinose stipe with a slight or obvious marginate bulbous base, angular to angular-nodulose basidiospores with comparatively few nodules, and thick-walled cystidia. Species in the section are mainly distinguished by basidiome size, pileus color and texture, variation in basidiospore length and number of nodules, to some extent geographic location, and plant association. The section includes the widely distributed
I. grammata
(=
I. albodisca
), which associates with conifers and birch in eastern North America;
I. albodiscoides
sp. nov. from the Pacific Northwest, previously subsumed under
I. grammata
and
I. albodisca
;
I. floridana
from northern Florida, reported for the first time in more than 75 years;
I. acriolens
, an apparent associate of hemlock and pine in southeast Canada and the northeast U.S.;
I. grammatoides
, an aspen associate in northern regions of the U.S. and southeast Canada;
I. velicopia
sp. nov., a widely distributed associate of oak and chestnut in the eastern U.S. and Costa Rica;
I. panamica
sp. nov. from oak and oak-
Oreomunnea
(Juglandaceae) forests in Costa Rica and Panama; and
I. vestalis
, a European species sister to the rest of sect.
Albodiscae
but lacking the distinct bicolored pileus. Independent phylogenies of ITS+28S,
rpb2
, and
rpb1
are inferred. Taxonomic descriptions, illustrations, and/or notes of the North American taxa are provided.
Known to date only from the Neotropics, the genus
Staheliomyces
E. Fisch. (
Phallaceae, Phallales
) was described from Suriname with only a single species,
S. cinctus
E. Fisch. Nearly 100 years have ...passed since the original description, and its systematic position and species diversity have not been investigated. Collections from Brazil and Costa Rica were studied, and four new species are described based on morphology, molecular phylogenetic analyses, and nomenclatural review. We provide morphological descriptions together with a key to species, and a proposal to emend the genus. We review the type material of
S. cinctus
located in herbarium of Botanischer Garten der Universität Bern (BERN), and establish the phylogenetic position of the genus which clusters with
Xylophallus
(Schltdl.) E. Fisch. in an exclusively neotropical clade. Our results highlight the importance of studying neglected taxa that impacts knowledge of biodiversity especially for localities that have been poorly collected. The study of herbarium collections can reveal data on forgotten type materials and shed light on the work of pioneering mycologists. This study also brings insights into biogeographical diversity of the phalloid fungi.
Sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region of the ribosomes helped circumscribe two new Rhodocollybia species for neotropical America: R. olivaceogrisea from Costa Rica; and R. tenuipes ...from Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico. Both species are phylogenetically
related to R. butyracea. Rhodocollybia maculata represents a new report for Dominican Republic.
Abstract
We formulate five guidelines for introducing new genera, plus one recommendation how to publish the results of scientific research. We recommend that reviewers and editors adhere to these ...guidelines. We propose that the underlying research is solid, and that the results and the final solutions are properly discussed. The six criteria are: (1) all genera that are recognized should be monophyletic; (2) the coverage of the phylogenetic tree should be wide in number of species, geographic coverage, and type species of the genera under study; (3) the branching of the phylogenetic trees has to have sufficient statistical support; (4) different options for the translation of the phylogenetic tree into a formal classification should be discussed and the final decision justified; (5) the phylogenetic evidence should be based on more than one gene; and (6) all supporting evidence and background information should be included in the publication in which the new taxa are proposed, and this publication should be peer-reviewed.
Molecular phylogenies using 1–4 gene regions and information on ecology, morphology and pigment chemistry were used in a partial revision of the agaric family Hygro- phoraceae. The phylogenetically ...supported genera we recognize here in the Hygrophoraceae based on these and previous analyses are:
Acantholichen
,
Ampulloclitocybe
,
Arrhenia
,
Cantharellula, Cantharocybe, Chromosera
,
Chrysomphalina, Cora
,
Corella
,
Cuphophyllus, Cyphellostereum
,
Dictyonema, Eonema
,
Gliophorus, Haasiella
,
Humidicutis, Hygroaster, Hygrocybe
,
Hygrophorus
,
Lichenomphalia, Neohygrocybe, Porpolomopsis
and
Pseudoarmillariella
. A new genus that is sister to
Chromosera
is described as
Gloioxanthomyces
. Revisions were made at the ranks of subfamily, tribe, genus, subgenus, section and subsection. We present three new subfamilies, eight tribes (five new), eight subgenera (one new, one new combination and one stat. nov.), 26 sections (five new and three new combinations and two stat. nov.) and 14 subsections (two new, two stat. nov.). Species of
Chromosera
,
Gliophorus, Humidicutis,
and
Neohygrocybe
are often treated within the genus
Hygrocybe;
we therefore provide valid names in both classification systems. We used a minimalist approach in transferring genera and creating new names and combinations. Consequently, we retain in the Hygrophoraceae the basal cuphophylloid grade comprising the genera
Cuphophyllus, Ampulloclitocybe
and
Cantharocybe,
despite weak phylogenetic support. We include
Aeruginospora
and
Semiomphalina
in Hygrophoraceae based on morphology though molecular data are lacking. The lower hygrophoroid clade is basal to Hygrophoraceae s.s., comprising the genera
Aphroditeola, Macrotyphula, Phyllotopsis, Pleurocybella, Sarcomyxa, Tricholomopsis
and
Typhula
.
A new species of Cantharocybe, C. brunneovelutina, is described and illustrated from the Orange Walk District of Belize. The species is characterized by the subvelutinous brown pileus, brownish gray ...stipe and microscopically by cheilocystidia that have prong-like appendages. Analysis of nLSU rDNA sequences relates this species to Cantharocybe gruberi, the sole member of a previously monotypic genus of uncertain placement. We also provide a microscopic description and illustrations of the type collection of Cantharocybe gruberi and compare the two species. Morphological comparisons among Cantharocybe and its sister genus, Cuphophyllus (= Camarophyllus), and allied genera are discussed.
Chorioactis geaster (Peck) Kupfer, the devil’s cigar fungus, is reported from Oklahoma for the first time. A collection was made in Choctaw County in southeast Oklahoma in January 2017. Chorioactis ...geaster is a fleshy fungus that belongs to the Ascomycota and is an example of what are commonly referred to as cup fungi. The young ascomata are closed, swollen-elongate, brown and finely hairy. During expansion, the ascomata split into 3–6 rays that are reminiscent of earth star fungi. The hymenophore color is pale yellow to tan. The ascospores are large, measuring 60–70 x 12–13 μm, and are curved-fusoid in shape. All previous records from the United States have been reported from Texas, and the fungus is also known from Japan. The holotype was collected in Austin, Texas in 1891 and described by Charles H. Peck in the genus Urnula.
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