This multidisciplinary research work evaluated the effects of soil erosion on grape yield and quality and on different soil functions, namely water and nutrient supply, carbon sequestration, organic ...matter recycling, and soil biodiversity, with the aim to understand the causes of soil malfunctioning and work out a proper strategy of soil remediation.
Degraded areas in nineteen organically farmed European and Turkish vineyards resulted in producing significantly lower amounts of grapes and excessive concentrations of sugar. Plants suffered from decreased water nutrition, due to shallower rooting depth, compaction, and reduced available water capacity, lower chemical fertility, as total nitrogen and cation exchange capacity, and higher concentration of carbonates. Carbon storage and organic matter recycling were also depressed. The general trend of soil enzyme activity mainly followed organic matter stock. Specific enzymatic activities suggested that in degraded soils, alongside a general slowdown in organic matter cycling, there was a greater reduction in decomposition capacity of the most recalcitrant forms. The abundance of Acari Oribatida and Collembola resulted the most sensitive indicator of soil degradation among the considered microarthropods. No clear difference in overall microbial richness and evenness were observed. All indices were relatively high and indicative of rich occurrence of many and rare microbial species. Dice cluster analyses indicated slight qualitative differences in Eubacterial and fungal community compositions in rhizosphere soil and roots in degraded soils.
This multidisciplinary study indicates that the loss of soil fertility caused by excessive earth movement before planting, or accelerated erosion, mainly affects water nutrition and chemical fertility. Biological soil fertility is also reduced, in particular the ability of biota to decompose organic matter, while biodiversity is less affected, probably because of the organic management. Therefore, the restoration of the eroded soils requires site-specific and intensive treatments, including accurately chosen organic matrices for fertilization, privileging the most easily decomposable. Restoring soil fertility in depth, however, remain an open question, which needs further investigation.
Display omitted
•Effects of soil erosion in 19 vineyards of five countries have been documented.•Low grape yield and quality went along with impairment of soil functionality.•Soil erosion strongly reduced water and nutrient supply, and carbon sequestration.•Eroded soils showed poor capacity to decompose recalcitrant organic matter.•Acari Oribatida and Collembola were sensitive indicators of soil degradation.
Zbiranje in ohranjanje genskega fonda rodu Vitis je pomembna naloga, ki smo se je v Sloveniji načrtno lotili leta 1980. Možnost izbire med različnimi genotipi omogoča nadaljevanje žlahtniteljskega ...dela, tako glede selekcije (odbire klonov žlahtne vinske trte), kot tudi glede vključevanja zanimivih lastnosti v že obstoječe genetske kombinacije (pridobivanje odpornejših sort). Predvsem pri starih domačih sortah žlahtne vinske trte je pomembno, da smo jih v čim večjem številu ohranili in zaščitili preden so povsem izginile iz naših vinogradov. Posebej to velja za avtohtone vinske sorte žlahtne vinske trte, ki so izključno del naše naravne dediščine in jih v drugih vinorodnih deželah ne najdemo. Slovenska genska banka žlahtne vinske trte je razdeljena na dva dela in sicer na kolekcijo starih sort ter na kolekcijo novih, doma selekcioniranih klonov žlahtne vinske trte ter podlag. Kolekcije in situ so posajene na treh lokacijah, kot kolekcija z okoli petdesetimi starimi domačimi vinskimi sortami žlahtne vinske trte, ki se sproti dopolnjuje v Ampelografskem vrtu BF v Kromberku pri Novi Gorici, kot kolekcija 29 novih doma selekcioniranih klonov žlahtne vinske trte na lokaciji Litmerk pri Ormožu in kot kolekcija 10 novih doma selekcioniranih klonov žlahtne vinske trte v Vipavi. Poleg treh glavnih lokacij, se kolekcije nahajajo še na štirih pomožnih lokacijah, kot kolekcije novih doma selekcioniranih klonov žlahtne vinske trte v Pleterjih, Čurilah pri Metliki in Gadovi peči, ter kot kolekcija starih domačih vinskih sort žlahtne vinske trte v Dobrovem v Goriških Brdih. Vse zbrane akcesije so vključene v program ampelografije, ki se opravlja po predpisani metodiki deskriptorjev, ki jih izdajajo mednarodna organizacija za vinsko trto in vino (OIV), mednarodni inštitut za rastlinske genske vire (IPGRI) in mednarodna zveza za zaščito novih sort rastlin (UPOV), ki skupno obsega opis 130 morfoloških značilnosti. Delo poteka postopno, osnovno opisovanje pa je bilo razširjeno s popolno filometrijo. Do leta 1999 smo bili kot sodelavci vključeni tudi v evropski projekt GENRES, vse naše zbrane vinske sorte pa so vpisane v »Mednarodni seznam sort vinske trte in njihovih sinonimov«, ki ga je izdala mednarodna organizacija za vinsko trto in vino.
Geografska lega, klimatske razmere in zgodovinska pripadnost so glavni dejavniki, ki so botrovali k oblikovanju raznolikega sortimenta sort žlahtne vinske trte na območju današnje Slovenije. Sorte ...žlahtne vinske trte (Vitis vinifera L.) je mogoče opisati na več nivojih in z različnimi metodami. Ovrednotenje ali celo okarakterizacija lahko poteka na podlagi morfoloških, morfometričnih, biokemijskih in genetskih značilnosti posamezne sorte. V prispevku smo na podlagi analiz karotenoidnih pigmentov ter DNK analiz z uporabo molekulskih markerjev ugotavljali podobnosti in sorodnost med 17-imi akcesijami žlahtne vinske trte. Namen raziskave je bil odkriti morebitno povezavo med karotenoidnimi profili in meritvami barve sort ter ovrednotenje kemotaksonomskega potenciala dobljenih rezultatov za razlikovanje sort žlahtne vinske trte. Dobljene rezultate smo primerjali z rezultati analiz z metodo mikrosatelitov. V raziskavo smo vključili 17 različnih genskih virov belih sort žlahtne vinske trte, ki so posajene v kolekcijskem vinogradu Biotehniške fakultete (BF), ki obenem služi tudi kot genska banka. Rezultati evalvacije obravnavanih genskih virov belih sort žlahtne vinske trte se tako na biokemijskem kot tudi na genetskem nivoju dopolnjujejo, kar pomeni, da so obravnavane akcesije generalno razdelili v tri večje skupine, znotraj katerih prihaja do manjših odstopanj, kar je verjetno posledica lastnosti posameznih genotipov in vpliva okolja.
In the present study, viticultural and oenological parameters of six clones of Muscat a Petits Grains Blancs (MPG) and five clones of Muscat giallo were investigated. Differences were found between ...varieties and clones in the occurrence of the phenological phases: bud break, véraison, and maturity. In the MPG clones (B41-5, FR 94, MPG 154, MPG 454, and MPG 455), all three phenological phases started earlier, resulting in earlier grape maturity and higher total soluble solids content (TSS) in grapes at harvest compared to the M. giallo clones (R1, VCR100, VCR 102, and VCR 5, BEMK 33). The MPG clones also resulted in higher cluster weight, higher yield per vine, and lower must pH compared to the M. giallo clones. The only exception was the MPG clone R2, which showed more similarities with the M. giallo clones. The wines of the MPG clones showed a tendency toward higher values for alcohol, citronellol, total acids, and total dry matter. In contrast, the wines of the M. giallo clones and the R2 clone of MPG showed higher pH and higher levels of linalool, α-terpineol, geraniol, and nerol. Although R2 is classified as a clone of MPG, our results indicate a strong similarity with the M. giallo clones studied. This study has highlighted the differences in phenological development and grape and wine quality characteristics between MPG and M. giallo clones. Therefore, clone selection can be an important tool for winemakers to develop the desired wine style and adapt to climatic changes.
Delimited degraded soil areas caused by an improper land preparation before vine plantation and or management can be observed in conventional and organic European vineyards. Soil malfunctioning ...including: poor organic matter content, imbalanced nutritional status, altered pH, water deficiency, soil compaction and/or scarce oxygenation. The goal of the present study was to compare the effects of some agronomic strategies to restore optimal soil functionality in degraded areas in organic commercial vineyards located in five countries, and to evaluate the impact of these soil management practices on vegetative growth, yield and grape quality parameters. Grapevines located in non-degraded soils showed higher vegetative growth and yield, and lower total soluble solids in grapes. Generally, there were no significant differences in vegetative growth, yield and grape quality among the soil management strategies in degraded areas.
A study was carried out in nineteen vineyards of five countries, well representative of major viticultural districts, which showed areas with fertility problems, consequence of strong soil erosion ...occurred during either pre-planting or ordinary cultivation. The comparison between degraded and non-degraded areas highlighted that the soil features limiting water nutrition and enhancing potential water stress were the most frequent discriminant soil conditions. Low nitrogen availability was the second most important cause of soil malfunctioning, together with low organic matter content. The degradation was also reflected in the very low values of the C/N ratio, pointing to a difficulty of microbiota in synthetizing humus. Other limiting factor were excessive lime content and poor drainage. Also nutrient unbalance or toxicity and low cation exchange capacity sporadically occurred. Since physical and hydrological limitations are hardly modifiable, especially in depth, the study underlines the difficulties to restore the fertility of degraded soils, and suggests caution in planning new vineyards.
