U.S.-based research suggests conservatism is linked with less concern about contracting coronavirus and less preventative behaviors to avoid infection. Here, we investigate whether these tendencies ...are partly attributable to distrust in scientific information, and evaluate whether they generalize outside the U.S., using public data and recruited representative samples across three studies (N
= 34,710). In Studies 1 and 2, we examine these relationships in the U.S., yielding converging evidence for a sequential indirect effect of conservatism on compliance through scientific (dis)trust and infection concern. In Study 3, we compare these relationships across 19 distinct countries. Although the relationships between trust in scientific information about the coronavirus, concern about coronavirus infection, and compliance are consistent cross-nationally, the relationships between conservatism and trust in scientific information are not. These relationships are strongest in North America. Consequently, the indirect effects observed in Studies 1-2 only replicate in North America (the U.S. and Canada) and in Indonesia. Study 3 also found parallel direct and indirect effects on support for lockdown restrictions. These associations suggest not only that relationships between conservatism and compliance are not universal, but localized to particular countries where conservatism is more strongly related to trust in scientific information about the coronavirus pandemic.
The present study investigates the consequences of respectful versus disrespectful communication in political debates on voters' social judgments and voting decisions. Reconciling previously mixed ...results, we argue that the consequences of disrespect vary with the judgment dimension (communion vs. agency) and voters' moral identity. An initial study (N = 197) finds that a political candidate's disrespect towards his or her opponent affects voting decision through voting intention. A second study (N = 327) shows that disrespect influences voting intention through communion but not through agency ratings. Qualifying the previous finding, a third study (N = 329) shows that both communion and agency judgments act as mediators, but in different ways depending on the level of moral identity. Overall, communion judgments played a more prominent part in explaining the consequences of disrespectful communication. Our findings thus present a nuanced picture of respect and disrespect in political communication and shed light on their ramifications.
Abstract U.S.-based research suggests conservatism is linked with less concern about contracting coronavirus and less preventative behaviors to avoid infection. Here, we investigate whether these ...tendencies are partly attributable to distrust in scientific information, and evaluate whether they generalize outside the U.S., using public data and recruited representative samples across three studies ( N total = 34,710). In Studies 1 and 2, we examine these relationships in the U.S., yielding converging evidence for a sequential indirect effect of conservatism on compliance through scientific (dis)trust and infection concern. In Study 3, we compare these relationships across 19 distinct countries. Although the relationships between trust in scientific information about the coronavirus, concern about coronavirus infection, and compliance are consistent cross-nationally, the relationships between conservatism and trust in scientific information are not. These relationships are strongest in North America. Consequently, the indirect effects observed in Studies 1–2 only replicate in North America (the U.S. and Canada) and in Indonesia. Study 3 also found parallel direct and indirect effects on support for lockdown restrictions. These associations suggest not only that relationships between conservatism and compliance are not universal, but localized to particular countries where conservatism is more strongly related to trust in scientific information about the coronavirus pandemic.
Humanness is something generally associated with the in-group and denied to out-groups. However, not all out-groups are equally deprived of their humanness. Correlational studies suggest that ...numerical minorities (from the perceiver's perspective) are more likely to be judged as less than human. In the present research, we interpreted this phenomenon in terms of the cognitive processes involved in illusory correlation and identified and tested the conditions (i.e., humanness as a frequent and shared characteristic, and relative small group size) that would contribute to minority dehumanization. In two studies in which participants learned about members of two new groups differing in size, we found support for this account. The findings of the present research broaden the current knowledge of out-group dehumanization, showing the contribution of cognitive processes in the denial of humanness to minority groups. Implications for the understanding of the determinants of group dehumanization and illusory correlation are discussed.
Abstract While public health crises such as the coronavirus pandemic transcend national borders, practical efforts to combat them are often instantiated at the national level. Thus, national group ...identities may play key roles in shaping compliance with and support for preventative measures (e.g., hygiene and lockdowns). Using data from 25,159 participants across representative samples from 21 nations, we investigated how different modalities of ingroup identification (attachment and glorification) are linked with reactions to the coronavirus pandemic (compliance and support for lockdown restrictions). We also examined the extent to which the associations of attachment and glorification with responses to the coronavirus pandemic are mediated through trust in information about the coronavirus pandemic from scientific and government sources. Multilevel models suggested that attachment, but not glorification, was associated with increased trust in science and compliance with federal COVID‐19 guidelines. However, while both attachment and glorification were associated with trust in government and support for lockdown restrictions, glorification was more strongly associated with trust in government information than attachment. These results suggest that both attachment and glorification can be useful for promoting public health, although glorification's role, while potentially stronger, is restricted to pathways through trust in government information.
Abstract While public health crises such as the coronavirus pandemic transcend national borders, practical efforts to combat them are often instantiated at the national level. Thus, national group ...identities may play key roles in shaping compliance with and support for preventative measures (e.g., hygiene and lockdowns). Using data from 25,159 participants across representative samples from 21 nations, we investigated how different modalities of ingroup identification (attachment and glorification) are linked with reactions to the coronavirus pandemic (compliance and support for lockdown restrictions). We also examined the extent to which the associations of attachment and glorification with responses to the coronavirus pandemic are mediated through trust in information about the coronavirus pandemic from scientific and government sources. Multilevel models suggested that attachment, but not glorification, was associated with increased trust in science and compliance with federal COVID‐19 guidelines. However, while both attachment and glorification were associated with trust in government and support for lockdown restrictions, glorification was more strongly associated with trust in government information than attachment. These results suggest that both attachment and glorification can be useful for promoting public health, although glorification's role, while potentially stronger, is restricted to pathways through trust in government information.
Abstract While public health crises such as the coronavirus pandemic transcend national borders, practical efforts to combat them are often instantiated at the national level. Thus, national group ...identities may play key roles in shaping compliance with and support for preventative measures (e.g., hygiene and lockdowns). Using data from 25,159 participants across representative samples from 21 nations, we investigated how different modalities of ingroup identification (attachment and glorification) are linked with reactions to the coronavirus pandemic (compliance and support for lockdown restrictions). We also examined the extent to which the associations of attachment and glorification with responses to the coronavirus pandemic are mediated through trust in information about the coronavirus pandemic from scientific and government sources. Multilevel models suggested that attachment, but not glorification, was associated with increased trust in science and compliance with federal COVID‐19 guidelines. However, while both attachment and glorification were associated with trust in government and support for lockdown restrictions, glorification was more strongly associated with trust in government information than attachment. These results suggest that both attachment and glorification can be useful for promoting public health, although glorification's role, while potentially stronger, is restricted to pathways through trust in government information.
Abstract U.S.-based research suggests conservatism is linked with less concern about contracting coronavirus and less preventative behaviors to avoid infection. Here, we investigate whether these ...tendencies are partly attributable to distrust in scientific information, and evaluate whether they generalize outside the U.S., using public data and recruited representative samples across three studies ( N total = 34,710). In Studies 1 and 2, we examine these relationships in the U.S., yielding converging evidence for a sequential indirect effect of conservatism on compliance through scientific (dis)trust and infection concern. In Study 3, we compare these relationships across 19 distinct countries. Although the relationships between trust in scientific information about the coronavirus, concern about coronavirus infection, and compliance are consistent cross-nationally, the relationships between conservatism and trust in scientific information are not. These relationships are strongest in North America. Consequently, the indirect effects observed in Studies 1–2 only replicate in North America (the U.S. and Canada) and in Indonesia. Study 3 also found parallel direct and indirect effects on support for lockdown restrictions. These associations suggest not only that relationships between conservatism and compliance are not universal, but localized to particular countries where conservatism is more strongly related to trust in scientific information about the coronavirus pandemic.
Research on the Black Sheep effect (Marques, Yzerbyt, & Leyens, 1988) suggests that motivational factors such as the level of identification with the ingroup influences the way people react against ...negative ingroup members. The present study tested the idea that people may invest a sizable amount of cognitive resources to protect their view of the ingroup when it is challenged by a negative target. We measured the identification of our participants, all students in psychology, with the larger group of psychologists and presented them with descriptions of four ingroup members, three positive and one negative. As expected, high identifiers gave a harsher judgment of the negative target than did low identifiers. In addition, participants’ performance on a secondary task confirmed that high identifiers devoted more resources than low identifiers to process the information about the negative member as compared to a positive ingroup member. These results stress the relationship between motivation and cognitive resources in general, and the Black Sheep effect and stereotyping in particular.
Social motivation has been shown to influence various cognitive processes. In the present paper, it is verified that people are motivated to view out‐groups as possessing a lesser degree of humanity ...than the in‐group (Leyens et al., 2000) and that this motivation influences logical processing in the Wason selection task. So far, studies on infra‐humanization have been shown to influence attribution of uniquely human characteristics to groups. Most of these studies focused on the attribution of secondary emotions. Results have shown that secondary emotions are preferentially attributed to in‐group members (Leyens et al., 2001). Also, people tend to react differently to in‐group and out‐group members displaying secondary emotions (Gaunt, Leyens, & Sindic, 2004; Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003). In the present paper, it is argued that infra‐humanization is a two‐direction bias and that it does influence logical processing among perceivers. Specifically, infra‐humanization motivation impacts logical processing in two different directions. First, most motivation is spent to reach the desirable conclusion that the in‐group is uniquely human. Second, least motivation occurs to support the undesirable conclusion that the out‐group is uniquely human. These hypotheses are tested in four cross‐cultural studies that varied the status and the conflicting relations between groups. Results were in line with the predictions and further confirmed that infra‐humanization biases can be obtained independently of status and conflict (but see Cortes, Demoulin, Leyens, & de Renesse, 2005). The discussion relates these findings with in‐group favouritism and out‐group derogation (Brewer, 1999) and underlines the importance of infra‐humanization in counteracting system justification biases (Jost & Banaji, 1994).
Il a été démontré que la motivation sociale influence de nombreux processus cognitifs. Dans cet article, nous verifions que les gens sont motivés à voir les exogroupes comme possédant un degré d'humanité moindre que l'endogroupe (Leyens et al., 2000) et que cette motivation influence le traitement logique dans la tâche de sélection de Wason. A ce jour, les études sur l'infra‐humanisation ont montré une influence dans l'attribution de caractéristiques typiquement humaines aux groupes. La plupart de ces études étaient centrées sur l'attribution d'émotions secondaires. Les résultats ont montré que les émotions secondaires sont attribuées préférentiellement aux membres de l'endogroupe (Leyens et al., 2001). De plus, les gens tendent à réagir différement face à des membres de l'endogroupe ou de l'exogroupe qui s'expriment à l'aide d'émotions secondaires (Gaunt, Leyens, & Sindic, 2004; Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003). Dans cet article, nous postulons que l'infra‐humanisation est un biais bi‐directionnel et que ce biais influence le traitement logique des gens. Spécifiquement, l'infra‐humanisation influence le traitement logique dans deux directions. Premièrement, les gens sont fortement motivés à atteindre la conclusion désirable que l'endogroupe est typiquement humain. Deuxièment, les gens sont les moins motivés à atteindre la conclusion indésirable que l'exogroupe est typiquement humain. Ces hypothèses sont testées dans quatre études cross‐culturelles qui varient tant les relations de statut que les relations de conflit entre les groupes. Les résultats obtenus sont en accord avec les prédictions et confirment le fait que le biais d'infra‐humanisation peut être obtenu indépendamment du statut ou des relations de conflit entre les groupes (mais voir Cortes, Demoulin, Leyens, & de Renesse, 2005). La discussion articule les résultats avec le favoritisme endogroupal et la dérogation exogroupale (Brewer, 1999) et souligne l'importance de l'infra‐humanisation pour contre‐carrer les biais liés à la théorie de justification du système (Jost & Banaji, 1994).
Se ha mostrado que la motivación social influye sobre varios procesos cognitivos. En el presente trabajo, se verifica que la gente se encuentra más motivada para ver un grado menor de humanidad en personas fuera de su grupo que en aquéllas pertenecientes al grupo propio (Leyens et al., 2000) y que esta motivación influye sobre el procesamiento lógico en la tarea de selección de Watson. Hasta el momento, los estudios sobre infrahumanización han mostrado que influye en la atribución de características puramente humanas a los grupos. La mayoría de estos estudios se han centrado en la atribución de emociones secundarias. Los resultados han mostrado que las emociones secundarias se atribuyen preferentemente a miembros del propio grupo (Leyens et al., 2001). También, la gente tiende a reaccionar de manera diferente ante miembros del propio grupo y de externos a éste y muestra emociones secundarias (Gaunt, Leyens, & Sindic, 2004; Vaes, Paladino, Castelli, Leyens, & Giovanazzi, 2003). En el presente trabajo, se alega que la infrahumanización es un sesgo bi‐direccional y que influye sobre el procesamiento lógico entre quienes perciben. Específicamente, la motivación para la infrahumanización impacta el procesamiento lógico en dos direcciones diferentes. Primero, la mayor parte de la motivación se emplea para alcanzar la conclusión deseada de que el grupo propio es singularmente humano. Segundo, ocurre menos motivación para apoyar la conclusión indeseable de que aquéllos fuera del grupo propio son singularmente humanos. Se someten a prueba estas hipótesis en cuatro estudios transculturales en los que variaban el estatus y las relaciones en conflicto entre los grupos. Los resultados coinciden con las predicciones y confirman además que es posible obtener sesgos de infrahumanización independientemente del estatus y el conflicto (pero véase, Cortes, Demoulin, Leyens, & de Renesse, 2005). La discusión relaciona estos hallazgos con el favoritismo hacia el grupo propio y el desprecio hacia aquéllos externos a éste (Brewer, 1999) y subraya la importancia de la infrahumanización y cómo ésta contrarresta los sesgos del sistema de justificación (Jost & Banaji, 1994).
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