Developing universal stimuli‐responsive materials capable of emitting a broad spectrum of colors is highly desirable. Herein, we deliberately grafted a conformation‐adaptable organic chromophore into ...the established coordination space of a flexible metal–organic framework (MOF). In terms of the coupled structural transformations and the space confinement, the chromophore in the MOF matrix underwent well‐regulated conformational changes under physical and chemical stimuli, simultaneously displaying thermo‐, piezo‐, and solvato‐fluoro‐chromism with color tunability over the visible range. Owing to the resilient nature and the reduced dimensionality of the selected coordination space, all three color modulations behaved in a sensitive and self‐reversible manner, each following a linear correlation of the emission maximum with stimulus. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction of the variable‐temperature structures and solvent‐inclusion crystals elucidated the intricate color varying mechanisms.
A smart luminescent material was constructed by anchoring an organic chromophore into the 2D coordination space of a flexible metal–organic framework. Thermo‐, piezo‐, and solvato‐fluoro‐chromisms were simultaneously achieved within a single material, featuring dynamic full‐color tunability, excellent reversibility, and linear sensor response.
Objective
This study aimed to compare the selective absorption of the 445‐nm Blue laser (BL) and the 532‐nm pulsed potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser by blood vessels.
Methods
Thirty‐six chicken ...eggs at day 14 of incubation were dissected to expose the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). Third‐order vessels of the CAM were identified and irradiated using BL and KTP lasers using various settings at a laser‐to‐vessel distance of 3 mm using 0.4 mm fiber size. In total, 494 vessels segments were irradiated. Mean (standard deviation) number of irradiations for each setting was 26.0 (4.6), range from 15 to 39. Outcome measures included ablation rate (AR) and rupture rate (RR).
Results
The two lasers were compared for AR and RR at long and medium pulse width (PW) associated with different power levels. At long PW (above 100 ms), BL showed significantly higher AR than KTP at high energy (600 mJ/pulse) and low energy (400 mJ/pulse); they did not show different AR and RR at medium energy levels (500 mJ/pulse). Using medium PW settings plus high and medium energy levels, BL and KTP showed relatively high AR and did not significantly differ in performance. However, at medium PW plus low energy (400–450 mJ/pulse), KTP showed significantly higher AR compared to BL.
Conclusion
At long PW, BL appeared to show higher AR than KTP at high or low energy levels, but they showed equivalent performance at medium energy. At medium PW, both performed similarly from high to medium energy, but KTP appeared to perform better than BL at lower energy settings.
Level of Evidence
NA Laryngoscope, 134:3220–3225, 2024
This study compared the selective absorption of the 445‐nm Blue laser (BL) and the 532‐nm pulsed potassium‐titanyl‐phosphate (KTP) laser by blood vessels. Results showed that, at long pulse width, BL appeared to perform better than KTP at high or low energy, but they were the same for medium energy. At medium pulse width, both performed similarly from high to medium energy but at lower energy, KTP appeared to perform better than BL.
Lanthanide metal–organic frameworks (Ln‐MOFs) are promising for luminescence detection of volatile organic compound (VOC) vapors, but usually suffer from the silent or quenched Ln3+ emission. Herein, ...we report a new dual‐emissive Eu‐MOF composed of the coordinatively unsaturated Eu9 clusters that afford abundant open metal sites to form a confined “binding pocket” to facilitate the preconcentration and recognition of VOCs. Single‐crystal structural analyses reveal that specific analytes can replace the OH oscillators in the first coordination sphere of Eu3+ and form a unique hydrogen‐bonding second‐sphere adduct tying adjacent Eu9 clusters together to minimize their nonradiative vibrational decay. With the promoted Eu3+ luminescence, the MOF realizes real‐time in situ visual sensing of THF vapor (<1 s) and shows a quantitative ratiometric response to the vapor pressure with a limit of detection down to 17.33 Pa. Also, it represents a top‐performing ratiometric luminescent thermometer.
A dual‐emissive polynuclear Eu‐MOF enriched with abundant potential open metal sites was constructed. In terms of a novel recognition‐transduction protocol, this material realized real‐time in situ visual detection of THF vapor (<1 s) while showing a quantitative ratiometric response to vapor pressure with an ultralow limit of detection.
Purifying olefin from ternary paraffin/olefin/alkyne mixtures through a one‐step adsorption process is extremely desirable. Herein, a stable zirconium(IV) metal‐organic framework with a customized ...pore surface composed of nonpolar phenyl and slightly polar thiophene rings is reported to access the adsorption preference of paraffin and alkyne over olefin. Noteworthily, this material displays a superior ability to discriminate C3 hydrocarbon molecules, which is principally more challenging compared with C2 ones and rarely documented. Computational studies disclose that its featured pore shape fits well with C3 gas molecules, enabling them to get close contact with the immobilized affinity sites. Leveraging surface chemistry and pore shape engineering synergistically gives rise to excellent C3 adsorption capacities (>5 mmol g−1) and concurrently high C3H8/C3H6 (1.4) and C3H4/C3H6 (1.9) selectivities (at 298 K and 1 atm). Dynamic column breakthrough experiments demonstrate that one‐step purification of C2H4 and C3H6 can be simultaneously realized on this material.
By leveraging surface chemistry and pore shape engineering, a new stable zirconium(IV) metal‐organic framework (MOF) featuring excellent C3 gas trapping capacity and concurrently high C3H8/C3H6 and C3H4/C3H6 selectivities is obtained. Breakthrough experiments demonstrate that one‐step C2H4 and C3H6 purification from ternary C2 and C3 mixtures can be simultaneously realized on this adsorbent.
Nearly 80% of the approved human therapeutic antibodies are produced by Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. To achieve better cell growth and high-yield recombinant protein, fed-batch culture is ...typically used for recombinant protein production in CHO cells. According to the demand of nutrients consumption, feed medium containing multiple components in cell culture can affect the characteristics of cell growth and improve the yield and quality of recombinant protein. Fed-batch optimization should have a connection with comprehensive factors such as culture environmental parameters, feed composition, and feeding strategy. At present, process intensification (PI) is explored to maintain production flexible and meet forthcoming demands of biotherapeutics process. Here, CHO cell culture, feed composition in fed-batch culture, fed-batch culture environmental parameters, feeding strategies, metabolic byproducts in fed-batch culture, chemostat cultivation, and the intensified fed-batch are reviewed.
Key points
• Fed-batch culture in CHO cells is reviewed.
• Fed-batch has become a common technology for recombinant protein production.
• Fed batch culture promotes recombinant protein production in CHO cells.
The electrochemical nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) offers a sustainable solution towards ammonia production but suffers poor reaction performance owing to preferential catalyst–H formation and the ...consequential hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Now, the Pt/Au electrocatalyst d‐band structure is electronically modified using zeolitic imidazole framework (ZIF) to achieve a Faradaic efficiency (FE) of >44 % with high ammonia yield rate of >161 μg mgcat−1 h−1 under ambient conditions. The strategy lowers electrocatalyst d‐band position to weaken H adsorption and concurrently creates electron‐deficient sites to kinetically drive NRR by promoting catalyst–N2 interaction. The ZIF coating on the electrocatalyst doubles as a hydrophobic layer to suppress HER, further improving FE by >44‐fold compared to without ZIF (ca. 1 %). The Pt/Au‐NZIF interaction is key to enable strong N2 adsorption over H atom.
A kinetically driven ambient nitrogen reduction reaction has a Faradaic efficiency of over 44 % and an ammonia yield rate of over 161 μg mgcat−1 h−1. It employs a zeolitic imidazole framework to induce electron‐deficient sites on the catalyst and a lower d‐band to weaken catalyst–H interactions whilst promoting the catalyst–N2 interaction.
Objective
Previous research has shown that effective application of angiolytic lasers in microlaryngeal surgery is determined by wavelength, pulse width (PW), and fluence. Recently, a 445‐nm (blue) ...laser (BL) has been developed with a potentially greater hemoglobin absorption than previous lasers. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) represents a suitable model for testing various settings to find out the most optimal settings of this laser. This study used the CAM model to examine whether successful photoangiolytic effects could be obtained using BL.
Methods
Seven hundred and ninety three third‐order vascular segments of viable CAM were irradiated using BL via 400‐μm diameter fiber, 1 pulse/second, with PW and power varied systematically at standardized fiber‐to‐vessel distances of 1 and 3 mm. Outcome measures including vessel ablation rate (AR), rupture rate (RR), and visible tissue effects were analyzed using Chi‐square test.
Results
Energy levels of 400, 540, and 600 mJ (per pulse) were most effective for vessel ablation. A working distance of 3 mm resulted in higher ablation and less vessel rupture compared with 1 mm at these optimal energy levels. At 3 mm, a longer PW resulted in higher AR. At 1 mm, AR increased with shorter PW and higher power. The 1‐mm working distance resulted in lower tissue effects than 3 mm.
Conclusion
Findings in this study showed that BL was effective in vessel ablation using relevant combination of working distance, PW, and energy levels. To obtain high AR, longer working distance plus longer PW was required and if working distance was reduced, shorter PW should be set.
Level of Evidence
NA Laryngoscope, 131:E1950–E1956, 2021
FAK is a nonreceptor intracellular tyrosine kinase which plays an important biological function. Many studies have found that FAK is overexpressed in many human cancer cell lines, which promotes ...tumor cell growth by controlling cell adhesion, migration, proliferation, and survival. Therefore, targeting FAK is considered to be a promising cancer therapy with small molecules. Many FAK inhibitors have been reported as anticancer agents with various mechanisms. Currently, six FAK inhibitors, including GSK-2256098 (Phase I), VS-6063 (Phase II), CEP-37440 (Phase I), VS-6062 (Phase I), VS-4718 (Phase I), and BI-853520 (Phase I) are undergoing clinical trials in different phases. Up to now, there have been many novel FAK inhibitors with anticancer activity reported by different research groups. In addition, FAK degraders have been successfully developed through “proteolysis targeting chimera” (PROTAC) technology, opening up a new way for FAK-targeted therapy. In this paper, the structure and biological function of FAK are reviewed, and we summarize the design, chemical types, and activity of FAK inhibitors according to the development of FAK drugs, which provided the reference for the discovery of new anticancer agents.
Display omitted
•Amphiphilic POM-based PIL were prepared and PDD-PMo can achieve 100% removal of DBT in a wide temperature range of 0–50 °C.•The oxidation desulfurization system can simultaneously ...remove sulfide and obtain sulfur-free fuel oil.•Both active species O2•− and HO• played an important role in improving the desulfurization activity.
Four new types of amphiphilic polyoxometalate-based poly(ionic liquid) (PDB-PMo, PDO-PMo, PDD-PMo and PDH-PMo) were prepared by ion exchange between poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) and H3PMo12O40 (HPMo), where PIL are copolymerized by hydrophilic 3,3′-methylenebis(1-vinylimidazol) bromine and hydrophobic 3–alkyl–1–vinylimidazolium bromine (alkyl = C4, PDBBr; alkyl = C8, PDOBr; alkyl = C12, PDDBr and alkyl = C16, PDHBr). Among them, the desulfurization rate of PDD-PMo can reach 100% within a wide temperature range of 0–50 °C, especially at 0 °C, DBT can be completely removed within 100 min. The influences of reaction temperature, molar ratio of H2O2/S, catalyst dosage and different sulfur-containing compounds were investigated. The kinetic study shows that the apparent activation energy of the DBT oxidation reaction is 36.73 ± 1.42 kJ/mol. In addition, EPR analysis and the free radical quenching experiment proved that both active radicals O2•− and HO• played an active role in the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) reaction system and proposed a reasonable reaction mechanism. The introduction of hydrophilic IL monomer is also an efficient strategy to construct amphiphilic polyoxometalate-based poly(ionic liquid), which further implements ultra-deep desulfurization.
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are important gene delivery tools for the treatment of many recessively inherited retinal diseases. For example, a wild-type (WT) AAV5 vector can deliver a ...full-length Cnga3 (cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha-3) cDNA to target cells of the cone photoreceptor function loss 5 (cpfl5) mouse, a spontaneous animal model of achromatopsia with a Cnga3 mutation. Gene therapy restores cone-mediated function and blocks cone degeneration in the mice. However, since transgene expression delivered by an AAV vector shows relatively short-term effectiveness, this cannot be regarded as a very successful therapy. AAV2 and AAV8 vectors with capsid mutations have significantly enhanced transduction efficiency in retinas compared to WT AAV controls. In this study, AAV8 (Y447, 733F+T494V)-treated cpfl5 retinas showed greater preservation of short-term cone electroretinogram (ERG) responses than AAV8 (Y447, 733F)- or AAV2 (Y272, 444, 500, 730F+T491V)-mediated treatments. To explore the long-term rescue effect, AAV8 (Y447, 733F+T494V)-treated cpfl5 retinas were evaluated at 9 months following postnatal day 14 (P14) treatment. Rescued ERG responses in the cones of treated cpfl5 eyes decreased with increasing age, but still maintained more than 60% of the WT mouse responses at the oldest time point examined. Expression of CNGA3 and M/S-opsins was maintained in cone outer segments of the treated cpfl5 eyes and was equal to expression in age-matched WT retinas. Near-normal cone-mediated water maze behavior was observed in the treated cpfl5 mice. As these are the longest follow-up data reported thus far, AAV8 with capsid Y-F and T-V mutations may be one of the most effective AAV vectors for long-term treatment in a naturally occurring mouse model of CNGA3 achromatopsia.
PDF
