The group of elderly people (e.g., 65 + years old) exhibits the fastest growth rate among all populations segments. By 2050 worldwide there will be more than 400 million individuals aged over 80 ...years. Providing soft, palatable and healthy texture modified (TM) foods for seniors, particularly those with masticatory/swallowing dysfunctions and/or needing special nutrition, is a major challenge for the food industry.
This review starts with the most frequent physiological dysfunctions related to the food intake and specific nutritional needs that develop in aging. Bases for formation of soft TM foods, particularly soft gels and microparticles from food biopolymers, are revised. Technological approaches to soften foods, produce small soft particles and microgels, and emerging structuring microtechnologies are presented.
Feeding the elderly with tasty and nutritious foods is a preoccupation in many countries of the world. TM foods are classified according to their textural and rheological properties from thin liquids to softened foods. Japan and South Korea appear to lead in commercial efforts. In the meantime, scientific knowledge is accumulating on the characteristics of raw materials to be used, mechanisms leading to structure formation and the control of desirable properties, particularly those related to texture. Several opportunities arise for the design of soft and tasty products and carriers to feed the elderly safely and nutritiously.
•By 2050 there will be more than 400 million individuals aged over 80 years.•Providing soft, palatable and healthy texture-modified foods is a major challenge for industry.•Abundant scientific knowledge on mechanisms leading to soft structure formation is available.•Designed soft and tasty products to feed the elderly safely and nutritiously are in progress.
...the patient experienced sudden left leg weakness and headache. ...at a baseline level, the mutant STING proteins barely displayed any IFN-β promoter activity, whereas the V147L mutation showed ...increased activity even without cGAMP (Fig 2, B and C). Patient ID Liu et al, 2014E7 Jeremiah et al, 2014E8 Munoz et al, 2015E9 Chia et al, 2016E10 Current study N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 J1 J2 J3 J4 A1 - - Inheritance pattern Unrelated Familial - - - Sex (M/F) M F M F F M M M M F M M M Variant origin De novo NA Inherited De novo - De novo (two) Variant c.439G>C, p.Val147Leu c.461A>G, p.Asn154Ser c.463G>A, p.Val155Met c.463G>A, p.Val155Met c.439G>C, p.Val147Leu c.461A>G, p.Asn154Ser c.304T>C, p.Ser102Pro & c.835T>C, p.Phe279Leu Age of onset Infancy (8 wk) Adulthood Teenager Teenager Infancy Infancy Infancy Childhood (3 years) Status at last follow-up Alive Alive Alive Alive Dead Dead Alive Dead Alive Alive Alive Alive Alive Rash or Tachypnea + + + + + + − + + + + + + Gangrene of finger/toe 4/6 NA + + + Lung disease 5/6 − + + + + + + CNS vessel involvement Not reported Not reported Not reported Not reported + Table E4Primers used in this study Primer name Primer sequences Primer name Primer sequences TMEM173_S102P_F 5′-AGGAGGATGTTCAGTGCCTG-3′ TMEM173_S102P_R 5′-GGGTATCCAACGTGTGTCAC-3′ TMEM173_F279L_F 5′-ATCAACCCCTCACCCTACCA-3′ TMEM173_F279L_R 5′-GTTACAGGCTGAGGGAGTGG-3′ MYO18A_A1729V_F 5′-CTGTCTAGGGTGAAGGGAGC-3′ MYO18A_A1729V_R 5′-TCTTTCCTGTACAGCCCTCC-3′ BBS1_R196W_F 5′-AGAATGATGGAGGAGGGCAG-3′ BBS1_R196W_R 5′-TGGAAGTCACTGCAGCTTTA-3′ MMP13_I165N_F 5′-CCAGGAGTACTTAGCACAGGT-3′ MMP13_I165N_R 5′-GCCTTCAAAGTTTGGTCCGA-3′ BRWD3_G1286Q_F 5′-TTCTCCAGACTCTGCCTGTG-3′ BRWD3_G1286Q_F 5′-TTGTTCTACTTGCTGCTCCA-3′ IFN-β_qPCR_F 5′-AAACTCATGAGCAGTCTGCA-3′ IFN-β_qPCR_R 5′-AGGAGATCTTCAGTTTCGGAGG-3′ References 1 G.N. Barber, STING: infection, inflammation...
•Ultrasound treatment was applied to brown rice grains at mild and harsh conditions.•Higher vitamin content was measured in ultrasound treated brown rice than in milled rice.•The more brown rice ...hydrated, the greater ultrasound effect was.•Degradation of weak starch molecules by ultrasound treatment improves the texture of brown rice.
Ultrasonic treatment (UT) was applied to brown rice at two different conditions: mild (25°C, 30min) and harsh (50°C, 60min) after soaking for several times (2, 3, 5, and 8h). After UT, starch was isolated from the brown rice grains, and the physicochemical properties of the starch, as well as the textural and nutritional properties of the grains, were compared. After UT, the cooked brown rice grains was softer in proportion to soaking time, and the hardness of brown rice soaked for 8h and then ultrasound treated at harsh condition was similar to that of cooked milled rice. Untreated brown rice grain has much more thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin contents than milled rice (0.546 vs. 0.069, 0.054 vs. 0.018, and 4.56 vs. 1.21mg/100g, respectively), and the thiamin and niacin contents in brown rice treated even at the most harsh condition were still higher than those in milled rice (0.193 vs. 0.069, and 1.6 vs. 1.21mg/100g, respectively). The isolated starch from brown rice grains treated at the harsh condition exhibited a lower pasting temperature and higher breakdown in pasting properties than that treated at the mild condition. The crystalline structure of starch became more homogeneous by UT at both conditions with longer soaking times. Both of the melting enthalpy and relative crystallinity of starch significantly decreased by UT, however A-type crystal form was maintained.
A high-flow nasal cannula (HFNC) is a useful respiratory support for children with respiratory distress; however, it elevates the risk of belated intubation. Recently, indices based on percutaneous ...oxygen saturation, a fraction of inspired oxygen, and respiratory rate (RR) have been suggested for the prediction of HFNC failure. We aimed to evaluate various indices predicting HFNC failure in children who started receiving HFNC at a tertiary center for 27 months.
Cases of HFNC failure were classified as hypoxic respiratory failure (HRF) or non-HRF (NHRF) depending on the cause of intubation. The ratio of percutaneous oxygen saturation to the fraction of inspired oxygen (S/F), the ratio of S/F to RR (ROX), the ratio of S/F to RR/median RR (ROX-M), and the ratio of S/F to z-score of RR (ROX-Z) were calculated and compared between groups.
Of the 152 cases, 45 (29.6%) failed to wean from the HFNC support, of which 21 (46.7%) were HRFs and 24 (53.3%) were NHRFs. The S/F and ROX-M at 6 h and 3 h, respectively, predicted HRF well with a high area under the curve. Initial hypercapnia and low weight were good predictors for NHRF.
For the management of children with HFNC, these risk factors and indicators should be monitored to make an early decision regarding intubation.
π‐Conjugated polymers have become qualified candidates for biosensing owing to their unique optoelectronic properties and excellent biocompatibility. In this contribution, nucleotide mismatches in ...DNA hybridization, being variable in position, are reflected in a stark manner by poly(3‐methylthiophene) (P3MT) nanowires (NWs), in which probe DNA sequence is properly functionalized. Selected as the systematic investigation are complementary target DNA (tDNA), random sequence DNA, and three kinds of 1‐mer mismatched tDNAs with different mismatch loci away from the NW's surface. Nanoscale optical observation of the single P3MT NWs in solid states reveals that the more distant the mismatch position is from the surface, the higher the photoluminescence (PL) occurs, while the complementary sequence yields the highest but the random one remains the lowest. Hence, the PL intensity increases with the relative length of the DNA–DNA hybridization from the surface. These results deliver a new basis that π‐conjugated polymers can be potentially applicable to detailed nucleotide analyses as in single nucleotide polymorphism.
1‐mer nucleotide mismatch and its position of the target DNAs are well‐reflected by light‐emitting polymer single nanowires. Photoluminescence enhances more as the mismatch locus becomes more distant from the nanowire surface, i.e., DNA–DNA hybridization length from the surface gets longer.
BYB3 (BYB3) is a species of lactic acid bacteria, formerly named
, which is isolated from kimchi. In this study, the effect of BYB3,
GG, and
GP1B strain extracts at various concentrations was ...examined on B16F10, a mouse melanoma cell line. Cell viability was examined via MTT assay, and the results indicated that compared to the other two probiotics, BYB3 significantly decreased the total percentages of viable cells. The effects of BYB3 on cell migration and proliferation in B16F10 cells were evaluated using wound healing mobility and proliferation assays, respectively; the results indicated that BYB3 inhibits cell migration and proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Using human dermal fibroblast cells to investigate BYB3 extract in vivo had no effect on skin-related cells. Nonetheless, the BYB3 extract inhibited tumor growth in a mouse model, as demonstrated by liver slices. Therefore, this suggests that using BYB3 extract to inhibit melanoma may be a novel approach.
Biodegradable polymers have been extensively used in biomedical applications, ranging from regenerative medicine to medical devices. However, the acidic byproducts resulting from degradation can ...generate vigorous inflammatory reactions, often leading to clinical failure. We present an approach to prevent acid-induced inflammatory responses associated with biodegradable polymers, here poly(lactide-co-glycolide), by using oligo(lactide)-grafted magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) nanoparticles, which neutralize the acidic environment. In particular, we demonstrated that incorporating the modified Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles within degradable coatings on drug-eluting arterial stents efficiently attenuates the inflammatory response and in-stent intimal thickening by more than 97 and 60%, respectively, in the porcine coronary artery, compared with that of drug-eluting stent control. We also observed that decreased inflammation allows better reconstruction of mouse renal glomeruli in a kidney tissue regeneration model. Such modified Mg(OH)2 nanoparticles may be useful to extend the applicability and improve clinical success of biodegradable devices used in various biomedical fields.
•A low temperature acid hydrolysis followed by ultrasonication could effectively produce crystalline starch nanoparticles.•The crystallinity of the nanoparticles was similar to that of native waxy ...maize starch with a high yield.•Insufficient degree of hydrolysis, ultrasonication could disrupt the crystallinity of starch hydrolyzates.
Waxy maize starch in an aqueous sulfuric acid solution (3.16M, 14.7% solids) was hydrolyzed for 2–6 days, either isothermally at 40°C or 4°C, or at cycled temperatures of 4 and 40°C (1 day each). The starch hydrolyzates were recovered as precipitates after centrifuging the dispersion (10,000rpm, 10min). The yield of starch hydrolyzates depended on the hydrolysis temperature and time, which varied from 6.8% to 78%. The starch hydrolyzed at 40°C or 4/40°C exhibited increased crystallinity determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, but melted in broader temperature range (from 60°C to 110°C). However, the starch hydrolyzed at 4°C displayed the crystallinity and melting endotherm similar to those of native starch. The starch hydrolyzates recovered by centrifugation were re-dispersed in water (15% solids), and the dispersion was treated by an ultrasonic treatment (60% amplitude, 3min). The ultrasonication effectively fragmented the starch hydrolyzates to nanoparticles. The hydrolyzates obtained after 6 days of hydrolysis were more resistant to the ultrasonication than those after 2 or 4 days, regardless of hydrolysis temperatures. The starch nanoparticles could be prepared with high yield (78%) and crystallinity by 4°C hydrolysis for 6 days followed by ultrasonication. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the starch nanoparticles had globular shapes with diameters ranging from 50 to 90nm.
•Physical properties and digestibility of apigenin-loaded emulsions were investigated.•Well-shaped spherical W/O/W emulsions were obtained regardless of composition.•Soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsions ...showed the highest stability during digestion.•Preparation of W/O/W emulsions could enhance the oral bioavailability of apigenin.
We analyzed the physical properties and digestibility of apigenin-loaded emulsions as they passed through a simulated digestion model. As the emulsion passed through the simulated stages of digestion, the particle size and zeta potential of all the samples changed, except for the soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsion, in which zeta potential remained constant, through all stages, indicating that soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsions may have an effect on stability during all stages of digestion. Fluorescence microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the emulsions at each step. The in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed that apigenin-loaded soybean oil-Tween 80 emulsions had a higher oral bioavailability than did the orally administrated apigenin suspensions. These results suggest that W/O/W multiple emulsions formulated with soybean oil and tween 80 have great potential as targeted delivery systems for apigenin, and may enhance in vitro and in vivo bioavailability when they pass through the digestive tract.
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