Despite the recent acceptance of thrombectomy as the standard of care in patients with acute anterior circulation stroke, the benefits of thrombectomy remain uncertain for patients with acute basilar ...artery occlusion (BAO). This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of thrombectomy and to identify predictors of outcomes in a large cohort of patients with acute BAO.
This study included 212 consecutive patients with acute BAO who underwent either stent-retriever or contact aspiration thrombectomy as the first-line approach between January 2011 and August 2017 at 3 stroke centers. Clinical and radiologic data were prospectively collected and stored in a database at each center. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was performed to assess the association between each characteristic and 90-day modified Rankin scale scores. Reperfusion was successful in 91.5% (194/212) of patients; 44.8% (95/212) of patients achieved 90-day modified Rankin scale 0 to 2. The symptomatic hemorrhage rate was 1.9% (4/212) and mortality was 16% (34/212). In a multivariable ordinal regression, younger age, lower National Institute of Health stroke scale on admission, and absence of diabetes mellitus and parenchymal hematoma were significantly associated with a favorable shift in the overall distribution of 90-day modified Rankin scale scores. Treatment outcomes were similar between patients who received stent-retriever thrombectomy and contact aspiration thrombectomy as the first-line technique.
Endovascular thrombectomy was effective and safe for treating patients with acute BAO. Age, the baseline National Institute of Health stroke scale, diabetes mellitus, and parenchymal hematoma were associated with better outcomes. This study showed no superiority of the stent-retriever over the aspiration thrombectomy for treating acute BAO.
Glucose metabolism is a mechanism by which energy is produced in form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by mitochondria and precursor metabolites are supplied to enable the ultimate enrichment of ...mature metabolites in the cell. Recently, glycolytic enzymes have been shown to have unconventional but important functions. Among these enzymes, pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) plays several roles including having conventional metabolic enzyme activity, and also being a transcriptional regulator and a protein kinase. Compared with the closely related PKM1, PKM2 is highly expressed in cancer cells and embryos, whereas PKM1 is dominant in mature, differentiated cells. Posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and acetylation of PKM2 change its cellular functions. In particular, PKM2 can translocate to the nucleus, where it regulates the transcription of many target genes. It is notable that PKM2 also acts as a protein kinase to phosphorylate several substrate proteins. Besides cancer cells and embryonic cells, astrocytes also highly express PKM2, which is crucial for lactate production via expression of lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), while mature neurons predominantly express PKM1. The lactate produced in cancer cells promotes tumor progress and that in astrocytes can be supplied to neurons and may act as a major source for neuronal ATP energy production. Thereby, we propose that PKM2 along with its different posttranslational modifications has specific purposes for a variety of cell types, performing unique functions.
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is crucial for cell proliferation in embryonic and cancer cells. PKM2 has a novel function as protein kinase and transcription factor. In nucleus, PKM2 has a variety of binding proteins to regulate the expression of specific genes.
Cryptococcus neoformans is the leading cause of death by fungal meningoencephalitis; however, treatment options remain limited. Here we report the construction of 264 signature-tagged gene-deletion ...strains for 129 putative kinases, and examine their phenotypic traits under 30 distinct in vitro growth conditions and in two different hosts (insect larvae and mice). Clustering analysis of in vitro phenotypic traits indicates that several of these kinases have roles in known signalling pathways, and identifies hitherto uncharacterized signalling cascades. Virulence assays in the insect and mouse models provide evidence of pathogenicity-related roles for 63 kinases involved in the following biological categories: growth and cell cycle, nutrient metabolism, stress response and adaptation, cell signalling, cell polarity and morphology, vacuole trafficking, transfer RNA (tRNA) modification and other functions. Our study provides insights into the pathobiological signalling circuitry of C. neoformans and identifies potential anticryptococcal or antifungal drug targets.
We report simultaneous single-dish surveys of 22 GHz H2O and 44 and 95 GHz class I CH3OH masers toward 299 Red Midcourse Space Experiment Sources in the protostellar stage. The detection rates are ...45% at 22 GHz, 28% at 44 GHz, and 23% at 95 GHz. There are 15, 53, and 51 new discoveries at 22, 44, and 95 GHz, respectively. We detect high-velocity (>30 km s−1) features in 27 H2O maser sources. The 95 GHz maser emission is detected only in 44 GHz maser sources. The two transitions show strong correlations in the peak velocity, peak flux density, and isotropic maser luminosity, indicating that they are likely generated in the same sites by the same mechanisms. The 44 GHz masers have much narrower distributions than 22 GHz masers in the relative peak velocity and velocity range, while 6.7 GHz class II CH3OH masers have distributions intermediate between the two. The maser luminosity significantly correlates with the parental clump mass, while it correlates well with the bolometric luminosity of the central protostar only when data of the low-mass regime from the literature are added. Comparison with the results of previous maser surveys toward massive star-forming regions suggests that the detection rates of 22 and 44 GHz masers tend to increase as the central objects evolve. This is contrary to the trends found in low- and intermediate-mass star-forming regions. Thus, the occurrence of both masers might depend on the surrounding environments as well as on the evolution of the central object.
Atlantic‐origin cold saline water has previously not been considered an important contributor to the nutrient supply in the Pacific Arctic due to the effective insulation by the overlying ...Pacific‐origin waters that separate the surface mixed layer from the deeper Atlantic Water. Based on hydrographic observations in the northwestern Chukchi Sea from 2015 to 2017, we demonstrate that the intrusion of Atlantic‐origin cold saline water into the halocline boundary between Pacific and Atlantic‐origin waters in 2017 lifted Pacific‐origin nutrients up to the surface layer. We find that the cyclonic atmospheric circulation in 2017 was considerably strengthened, leading to lateral intrusions of two bodies of cold halocline water from the Eurasian marginal seas into the northwestern Chukchi Sea. Our results reveal that the intrusions of cold halocline waters caused unprecedented shoaling of the nutricline and anomalously high surface phytoplankton blooms in typically highly oligotrophic surface waters in the region during summer.
Plain Language Summary
Nutrient depletion, especially nitrogen, in Arctic surface waters during the summer is common due to biological uptake and intense stratification caused by sea ice melting and riverine water inputs, which restricts the upward mixing of nutrients into the euphotic zone. Although Atlantic‐origin cold saline water has previously not been considered an important contributor to the nutrient supply in the Pacific Arctic, the results presented here show that the intrusion of Atlantic‐origin cold saline water into the halocline boundary layer between Pacific and Atlantic‐origin waters in the summer of 2017 was an essential mechanism responsible for transporting Pacific‐origin nutrients to the surface layer, leading to anomalously high surface phytoplankton blooms in typically highly oligotrophic surface waters in the northwestern Chukchi Sea.
Key Points
The nutricline shoaling by an intrusion of Atlantic‐origin cold saline water was observed in the northwestern Chukchi Sea in 2017
Pacific‐origin nutrients were lifted up to the surface layer by the intrusion of Atlantic‐origin cold saline water
The enhanced cyclonic ocean circulation triggered a pronounced transport of Atlantic‐origin cold saline water to the western Arctic Ocean
The high-throughput DNA sequencing (HTS) method is used to identify microbes in cheese and their potential functional properties. The technique can be applied to the microbiota of the cheese ...processing environment, raw milk, curd, whey, and starter cultures, and be used to improve the quality, safety, and other physicochemical properties of the final product. The HTS method is also utilized to study the microbiota shift of different types of cheeses during processing, as the composition and functional properties of the microbiome provide unique characteristics to different cheeses. Although there are several reviews that focused on microbiota of various types of cheeses, this review focuses on evaluating the microbiota shift of different types of cheese production and highlights key bacteria in each step of the processing as well as microbiota of various types of cheeses.
Key points
• High-throughput sequencing can be applied to identify microbiota in cheese.
• Microbiota in cheese is changed during making process and aging.
• Starter culture plays an important role to establish microbiota in cheese.
In two-dimensional interfacial assemblies, there is an interplay between molecular ordering and interface geometry, which determines the final morphology and order of entire systems. Here we present ...the interfacial phenomenon of spontaneous facet formation in a water droplet driven by designed peptide assembly. The identified peptides can flatten the rounded top of a hemispherical droplet into a plane by forming a macroscopic two-dimensional crystal structure. Such ordering is driven by the folding geometry of the peptide, interactions of tyrosine and crosslinked stabilization by cysteine. We discover the key sequence motifs and folding structures and study their sequence-specific assembly. The well-ordered, densely packed, redox-active tyrosine units in the YYACAYY (H-Tyr-Tyr-Ala-Cys-Ala-Tyr-Tyr-OH) film can trigger or enhance chemical/electrochemical reactions, and can potentially serve as a platform to fabricate a molecularly tunable, self-repairable, flat peptide or hybrid film.
Highly stereoselective C–O bond formation in AgOTf‐catalyzed substitution of configurationally labile α‐bromo aryl acetates with neutral alcohol is developed. Also, application of this asymmetric ...synthetic methodology to the preparation of highly enantioenriched 2‐aryl‐substituted morpholine derivatives is presented.
Highly stereoselective C–O bond formation in AgOTf‐catalyzed substitution of α‐bromo aryl acetates with neutral alcohol nucleophiles is developed and applied to the preparation of highly enantioenriched 2‐aryl‐morpholine derivatives.
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•A troponin I biosensor composed of DNA 3WJ on Au nanospike was developed.•The DNA 3WJ was rolled to recognition, EC signal transduction and immobilization.•Au nanospike was prepared ...to increase the detection limit of troponin I.•This study showed label-free EC detection elements for troponin I detection.
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is one of the most serious diseases affecting human beings. In this study, in order to rapidly detect AMI disease, the authors fabricated a label-free electrochemical biosensor composed of a multi-functional DNA structure on Au nanospike (AuNS) with a fabricated Au micro-gap electrode which was incorporated with a PCB chip in order to detect cardiac troponin I (cTnI). As a bioprobe, the DNA 3 way-junction (3WJ) was introduced, because the DNA 3WJ has three arms for embodying the multi-functionality. Each piece of DNA was assembled to simultaneously form the DNA 3WJ for cTnI detection, signal transduction, and immobilization, respectively. The assembled DNA 3WJ structure was confirmed by Native-TBM PAGE. Moreover, in order to increase the electrochemical signal sensitivity, AuNS was prepared. The Au micro-gap array is fabricated with a printed circuit board (PCB) chip in order to control each micro-gap electrode panel selectively so as to detect low volumes of cTnI. Then, the DNA strucuture on pAuNS-modified electrode was prepared using the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly method. FE-SEM and AFM were used to investigate the modified-surface morphology. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) was measured to confirm the cTnI binding to DNA 3WJ-modified electrode. cTnI was detected in the HEPES solution and human serum, respectively. The LOD result exhibited 1.0 pM in HEPES solution and 1.0 pM in 20% diluted human serum, respectively. In addition, the selectivity test was carried out with various proteins as the control experiment. The present study showed label-free, simple fabrication, and easy-to-tailor detection elements for cTnI.
This study researches the effect of phase change materials (PCMs) containing carbonized rice husks (CRHs) in wood plastic composites (WPCs) as roof finishing materials on roof-surface and indoor ...temperatures. A cool roof miniature model was prepared, and measurements were taken using three fixed temperatures of 30 to 32 °C, 35 to 37 °C, and 40 to 42 °C. Sodium sulfate decahydrate (Na
SO
·10H
O) and paraffin wax were selected as the PCMs. CRHs were used as additives to improve the thermal conductivities of the PCMs. At lower fixed temperatures such as 30 to 32 °C and 35 to 37 °C, the rates of increase of the surface temperatures of roofs containing CRHs with Na
SO
·10H
O, and paraffin wax, were observed to gradually decrease compared to those of the roofs without PCMs. The indoor temperatures for the above-mentioned PCMs containing CRHs were maintained to be lower than those of the indoors without PCMs. Additionally, as the CRH content in the PCM increased, the rates of increase of the roof-surface and indoor temperatures decreased due to a faster roof heat absorption by PCMs through the improved thermal conductivity of CRHs. However, under higher artificial temperatures such as 40 to 42 °C, Na
SO
·10H
O with CRHs exhibited no effect due to being out of latent heat range of Na
SO
·H
O. For paraffin wax, as CRH content increased, their roof- surface and indoor temperatures decreased. Especially, the surface temperature of the roof containing paraffin contained 5 wt.% CRHs reduced by 11 °C, and its indoor temperature dropped to 26.4 °C. The thermal conductivity of PCM was enhanced by the addition of CRHs. A suitable PCM selection in each location can result in the reduction of the roof-surface and indoor temperatures.
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