Artificial Mitochondrial Transfer or Transplant (AMT/T) can be used to reduce the stress and loss of viability of damaged cells. In MitoCeption, a type of AMT/T, the isolated mitochondria and ...recipient cells are centrifuged together at 4 °C and then co-incubated at 37 °C in normal culture conditions, inducing the transfer. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can affect mitochondria and other cell structures, resulting in tissue stress, aging, and immunosuppression. AMT/T could be used to repair UVR cellular and mitochondrial damage. We studied if a mitochondrial mix from different donors (Primary Allogeneic Mitochondrial Mix, PAMM) can repair UVR damage and promote cell survival.
Using a simplified adaption of the MitoCeption protocol, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as the recipient cell model of the PAMM in order to determine if this protocol could repair UVR damage. Our results showed that when PBMCs are exposed to UVR, there is a decrease in metabolic activity, mitochondrial mass, and mtDNA sequence stability as well as an increase in p53 expression and the percentage of dead cells. When PAMM MitoCeption was used on UVR-damaged cells, it successfully transferred mitochondria from different donors to distinct PBMCs populations and repaired the observed UVR damage.
Our results represent an advancement in the applications of MitoCeption and other AMT/T. We showed that PBMCs could be used as a PAMM source of mitochondria. We also showed that these mitochondria can be transferred in a mix from different donors (PAMM) to UVR-damaged, non-adherent primary cells. Additionally, we decreased the duration of the MitoCeption protocol.
Biological lessons for strategic resistance management Blumstein, Daniel T.; Johnson, Norman A.; Katz, Nurit D. ...
Evolutionary Applications,
December 2023, 2023-Dec, 2023-12-00, 20231201, 2023-12-01, Letnik:
16, Številka:
12
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Biological resistance to pesticides, vaccines, antibiotics, and chemotherapies creates huge costs to society, including extensive morbidity and mortality. We simultaneously face costly resistance to ...social changes, such as those required to resolve human–wildlife conflicts and conserve biodiversity and the biosphere. Viewing resistance as a force that impedes change from one state to another, we suggest that an analysis of biological resistance can provide unique and potentially testable insights into understanding resistance to social changes. We review key insights from managing biological resistance and develop a framework that identifies seven strategies to overcome resistance. We apply this framework to consider how it might be used to understand social resistance and generate potentially novel hypotheses that may be useful to both enhance the development of strategies to manage resistance and modulate change in socio‐ecological systems.
Introduction
Emerging infectious diseases are increasingly recognized as a global threat to wildlife. Pandemics in amphibians, caused by the fungal pathogen
Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis
(
Bd
), ...have resulted in biodiversity loss at a global scale. Genomic data suggest a complex evolutionary history of
Bd
lineages that vary in pathogenicity. Africa harbors a significant proportion of global amphibian biodiversity, and multiple
Bd
lineages are known to occur there; yet, despite the decline of many host species, there are currently no described
Bd
-epizootics. Here, we describe the historical and recent biogeographical spread of
Bd
and assess its risk to amphibians across the continent of Africa.
Methods
We provide a 165-year view of host-pathogen interactions by (i) employing a
Bd
assay to test 4,623 specimens (collected 1908–2013); (ii) compiling 12,297 published
Bd
records (collected 1852–2017); (iii) comparing the frequency of
Bd
-infected amphibians through time by both country and region; (iv) genotyping
Bd
lineages; (v) histologically identifying evidence of chytridiomycosis, and (vi) using a habitat suitability model to assess future
Bd
risk.
Results
We found a pattern of
Bd
emergence beginning largely at the turn of the century. From 1852–1999, we found low
Bd
prevalence (3.2% overall) and limited geographic spread, but after 2000 we documented a sharp increase in prevalence (18.7% overall), wider geographic spread, and multiple
Bd
lineages that may be responsible for emergence in different regions. We found that
Bd
risk to amphibians was highest in much of eastern, central, and western Africa.
Discussion
Our study documents a largely overlooked yet significant increase in a fungal pathogen that could pose a threat to amphibians across an entire continent. We emphasize the need to bridge historical and contemporary datasets to better describe and predict host-pathogen dynamics over larger temporal scales.
Mixed-species flocks of bird represent an ecological phenomena resulting from a diversity of complex interactions and evolutionary pressures. Paleotropical, Neotropical and temperate forests include ...many examples of passerine bird who interact by forming mixed-species flocks and by eavesdropping on the alarm calls produced by heterospecifics. In the mixed-flock systems of Amazonia, species of antshrike (Thamnomanes sp.) have been shown to provide other flock members valuable information regarding threats from predation through their frequent alarm calls. Several species of flock attendees respond to the alarms of antshrikes with predator-avoidance behaviors, but no study has yet shown a reciprocal relationship between flock members and flock-leading antshrikes. Apparently distinct from mixed-flock systems of other forests, there has been little evidence to support that flock-leading species of antshrike benefit from the alarm signals of other flock members. Using alarm signals recorded during in situ exposures of mixed-flock species to trained raptors, we conducted a playback experiment to 16 different mixed flocks to see to what degree antshrikes may be eavesdropping on the alarms of Myrmotherula antwrens. 8 Dusky-throated Antshrike Thamnomanes ardesiacus and 8 Cinereous Antshrike T. schistogynus were presented with i) conspecific alarms ii) White-flanked Antwren Myrmotherula axillaris alarms iii) Grey Antwren M. menetriesii alarms and iv) a control. The results of our experiment support that the alarms of the two species of antwren illicit a significant response from both species of antshrike. Our model also shows the responses of antshrikes to antwren alarms are indistinguishable from their response to conspecific alarms, yet different from a control (Marginal R2=.36, Conditional R2=.37). This suggests that highly social flock-leading species such as Thamnomanes antshrikes may benefit from the information provided by flock mates regarding predators. Further, these patterns are consistent with eavesdropping interactions observed within mixed-flocks in ecologically similar but geographically distant forests.
Predation is a strong ecological force that shapes animal communities through natural selection. Recent studies have shown the cascading effects of predation risk on ecosystems through changes in ...prey behavior. Minimizing predation risk may explain why multiple prey species associate together in space and time. For example, mixed-species flocks that have been widely documented from forest systems, often include birds that eavesdrop on sentinel species (alarm calling heterospecifics). Sentinel species may be pivotal in (1) allowing flocking species to forage in open areas within forests that otherwise incur high predation risk, and (2) influencing flock occurrence (the amount of time species spend with a flock). To test this, we conducted a short-term removal experiment in an Amazonian lowland rainforest to test whether flock habitat use and flock occurrence was influenced by sentinel presence. Antshrikes (genus Thamnomanes) act as sentinels in Amazonian mixed-species flocks by providing alarm calls widely used by other flock members. The alarm calls provide threat information about ambush predators such as hawks and falcons which attack in flight. We quantified home range behavior, the forest vegetation profile used by flocks, and the proportion occurrence of other flocking species, both before and after removal of antshrikes from flocks. We found that when sentinel species were removed, (1) flock members shifted habitat use to lower risk habitats with greater vegetation cover, and (2) species flock occurrence decreased. We conclude that eavesdropping on sentinel species may allow other species to expand their realized niche by allowing them to safely forage in high-risk habitats within the forest. In allowing species to use extended parts of the forest, sentinel species may influence overall biodiversity across a diverse landscape.
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have fueled ample translation for the treatment of immune‐mediated diseases. They exert immunoregulatory and tissue‐restoring effects. MSC‐mediated transfer of ...mitochondria (MitoT) has been demonstrated to rescue target organs from tissue damage, yet the mechanism remains to be fully resolved. Therefore, we explored the effect of MitoT on lymphoid cells. Here, we describe dose‐dependent MitoT from mitochondria‐labeled MSCs mainly to CD4+ T cells, rather than CD8+ T cells or CD19+ B cells. Artificial transfer of isolated MSC‐derived mitochondria increases the expression of mRNA transcripts involved in T‐cell activation and T regulatory cell differentiation including FOXP3, IL2RA, CTLA4, and TGFβ1, leading to an increase in a highly suppressive CD25+FoxP3+ population. In a GVHD mouse model, transplantation of MitoT‐induced human T cells leads to significant improvement in survival and reduction in tissue damage and organ T CD4+, CD8+, and IFN‐γ+ expressing cell infiltration. These findings point to a unique CD4+ T‐cell reprogramming mechanism with pre‐clinical proof‐of‐concept data that pave the way for the exploration of organelle‐based therapies in immune diseases.
Synopsis
This study reveals that MitoT directly shapes the immune response by inducing Tregs, which could be potentially used as a therapy for autoimmune diseases such as GVHD.
Mitochondria are transferred from MSCs to CD4+ T cells.
Mitochondrial transfer promotes Treg differentiation.
Transplantation of mitochondria recipient human T cells alleviates inflammatory response and tissue damage in GVDH and SLE disease models.
This study reveals that MitoT directly shapes the immune response by inducing Tregs, which could be potentially used as a therapy for autoimmune diseases such as GVHD.
Documenting patterns of spatiotemporal change in hyper‐diverse communities remains a challenge for tropical ecology yet is increasingly urgent as some long‐term studies have shown major declines in ...bird communities in undisturbed sites. In 1982, Terborgh et al. quantified the structure and organisation of the bird community in a 97‐ha. plot in southeastern Peru. We revisited the same plot in 2018 using the same methodologies as the original study to evaluate community‐wide changes. Contrary to longitudinal studies of other neotropical bird communities (Tiputini, Manaus, and Panama), we found little change in community structure and organisation, with increases in 5, decreases in 2 and no change in 7 foraging guilds. This apparent stability suggests that large forest reserves such as the Manu National Park, possibly due to regional topographical influences on precipitation, still provide the conditions for establishing refugia from at least some of the effects of global change on bird communities.
We re‐censused a remote Amazonian bird community after 36 years to evaluate community‐wide changes. Contrary to longitudinal studies of other remote neotropical bird communities documenting major declines, we found little change in structure and organization. This apparent stability suggests that large forest reserves such as Manu National Park, possibly due to regional topographical influences on precipitation, still provide the conditions for establishing refugia from at least some of the effects of global change.
Artificial Mitochondrial Transfer or Transplant (AMT/T) can be used to reduce the stress and loss of viability of damaged cells. In MitoCeption, a type of AMT/T, the isolated mitochondria and ...recipient cells are centrifuged together at 4 degreesC and then co-incubated at 37 degreesC in normal culture conditions, inducing the transfer. Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) can affect mitochondria and other cell structures, resulting in tissue stress, aging, and immunosuppression. AMT/T could be used to repair UVR cellular and mitochondrial damage. We studied if a mitochondrial mix from different donors (Primary Allogeneic Mitochondrial Mix, PAMM) can repair UVR damage and promote cell survival. Using a simplified adaption of the MitoCeption protocol, we used peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as the recipient cell model of the PAMM in order to determine if this protocol could repair UVR damage. Our results showed that when PBMCs are exposed to UVR, there is a decrease in metabolic activity, mitochondrial mass, and mtDNA sequence stability as well as an increase in p53 expression and the percentage of dead cells. When PAMM MitoCeption was used on UVR-damaged cells, it successfully transferred mitochondria from different donors to distinct PBMCs populations and repaired the observed UVR damage. Our results represent an advancement in the applications of MitoCeption and other AMT/T. We showed that PBMCs could be used as a PAMM source of mitochondria. We also showed that these mitochondria can be transferred in a mix from different donors (PAMM) to UVR-damaged, non-adherent primary cells. Additionally, we decreased the duration of the MitoCeption protocol.
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