The scale at which humans can handle complex social situations is massively increased compared to other animals. However, the neural substrates of this scaling remain poorly understood. In this ...review, we discuss how the expansion and rearrangement of the temporoparietal junction and posterior superior temporal sulcus (TPJ-pSTS) may have played a key role in the growth of human social abilities. Comparing the function and anatomy of the TPJ-pSTS in humans and macaques, which are thought to be separated by 25 million years of evolution, we find that the expansion of this region in humans has shifted the architecture of the dorsal and ventral processing streams. The TPJ-pSTS contains areas related to face-emotion processing, attention, theory of mind operations, and memory; its expansion has allowed for the elaboration and rearrangement of the cortical areas contained within, and potentially the introduction of new cortical areas. Based on the arrangement and the function of these areas in the human, we propose that the TPJ-pSTS is the basis of a third frontoparietal processing stream that underlies the increased social abilities in humans. We then describe a model of how the TPJ-pSTS areas interact as a hub that coordinates the activities of multiple brain networks in the exploration of the complex dynamic social scenes typical of the human social experience.
Recent experimental results have shown that full-duplex communication is possible for short-range communications. However, extending full-duplex to long-range communication remains a challenge, ...primarily due to residual self-interference, even with a combination of passive suppression and active cancelation methods. In this paper, we investigate the root cause of performance bottlenecks in current full-duplex systems. We first classify all known full-duplex architectures based on how they compute their canceling signal and where the canceling signal is injected to cancel self-interference. Based on the classification, we analytically explain several published experimental results. The key bottleneck in current systems turns out to be the phase noise in the local oscillators in the transmit-and-receive chain of the full-duplex node. As a key by-product of our analysis, we propose signal models for wideband and multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) full-duplex systems, capturing all the salient design parameters, thus allowing future analytical development of advanced coding and signal design for full-duplex systems.
Survival can depend on the ability to change a current course of action to respond to potentially advantageous or threatening stimuli. This “reorienting” response involves the coordinated action of a ...right hemisphere dominant ventral frontoparietal network that interrupts and resets ongoing activity and a dorsal frontoparietal network specialized for selecting and linking stimuli and responses. At rest, each network is distinct and internally correlated, but when attention is focused, the ventral network is suppressed to prevent reorienting to distracting events. These different patterns of recruitment may reflect inputs to the ventral attention network from the locus coeruleus/norepinephrine system. While originally conceptualized as a system for redirecting attention from one object to another, recent evidence suggests a more general role in switching between networks, which may explain recent evidence of its involvement in functions such as social cognition.
When exposed to the same sensory event, some individuals are bound to have less typical experiences than others. Previous research has investigated this phenomenon by showing that the typicality of ...one's sensory experience is associated with the typicality of their stimulus-evoked brain activity (as measured by intersubject correlation, or ISC). Individual differences in ISC have recently been attributed to variability in focal neural processing. However, the extent to which these differences reflect purely intra-regional variability versus variation in the brain's baseline ability to transmit information between regions has yet to be established. Here, we show that an individual's degree and spatial distribution of ISC are closely related to their brain's functional organization at rest. Using resting state and movie watching fMRI data from the Human Connectome Project, we reveal that resting state functional connectivity (RSFC) profiles can be used to predict cortex-wide ISC. Similar region-level analyses demonstrate that the levels of ISC exhibited by brain regions during movie watching are associated with their connectivity to other regions at rest, and that the nature of these connectivity-activity relationships varies as a function of regional roles in sensory information processing. Finally, we show that an individual's unique spatial distribution of ISC, independent of its magnitude, is also related to their RSFC profile. These findings contextualize reports of localized individual differences in ISC as potentially reflecting larger, network-level alterations in resting brain function and detail how the brain's ability to process complex sensory information is linked to its baseline functional organization.
Highlights • Topography is fundamental to cortical organization. • The topographic organization of the LIP differs in important ways from that of other visual areas. • Differences may underlie ...computational flexibility in the LIP and other associative areas. • We propose two new principles of topographic organization for associative areas.
Orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) is the most effective treatment for patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD). Hepatic insufficiency within a week of OLT, termed early allograft dysfunction ...(EAD), occurs in 20% to 25% of deceased donor OLT recipients and is associated with morbidity and mortality. Primary nonfunction (PNF), the most severe form of EAD, leads to death or retransplantation within 7 days. The etiology of EAD is multifactorial, including donor, recipient, and surgery-related factors, and largely driven by ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). IRI is an immunologic phenomenon characterized by dysregulation of cellular oxygen homeostasis and innate immune defenses in the allograft after temporary cessation (ischemia) and later restoration (reperfusion) of oxygen-rich blood flow. The rising global demand for OLT may lead to the use of marginal allografts, which are more susceptible to IRI, and thus lead to an increased incidence of EAD. It is thus imperative the anesthesiologist is knowledgeable about EAD, namely its pathophysiology and intraoperative strategies to mitigate its impact. Intraoperative strategies can be classified by 3 phases, specifically donor allograft procurement, storage, and recipient reperfusion. During procurement, the anesthesiologist can use pharmacologic preconditioning with volatile anesthetics, consider preharvest hyperoxemia, and attenuate the use of norepinephrine as able. The anesthesiologist can advocate for normothermic regional perfusion (NRP) and machine perfusion during allograft storage at their institution. During recipient reperfusion, the anesthesiologist can optimize oxygen exposure, consider adjunct anesthetics with antioxidant-like properties, and administer supplemental magnesium. Unfortunately, there is either mixed, little, or no data to support the routine use of many free radical scavengers. Given the sparse, limited, or at times conflicting evidence supporting some of these strategies, there are ample opportunities for more research to find intraoperative anesthetic strategies to mitigate the impact of EAD and improve postoperative outcomes in OLT recipients.
Background
Radial artery occlusion (RAO) remains one of the most important complications of transradial access (TRA). Despite the identification of multiple predictors, the interaction between these ...predictors on the occurrence of RAO has not been evaluated.
Methods
Consecutive patients undergoing TRA coronary angiography (CA) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), were retrospectively analyzed to compare the effect of standard patent hemostasis using a one‐bladder band versus two‐bladder band with simultaneous ipsilateral ulnar artery compression and two introducer sizes on the primary endpoint of RAO. Access was obtained using 6‐Fr slender introducer sheath or 7‐Fr slender introducer sheath and hemostasis with either a one‐bladder band or a two‐bladder band. The radial artery was evaluated using ultrasound.
Results
Total of 2019 patients undergoing CA or PCI were included in the analysis. In the one‐bladder band group, the incidence of RAO with a 6‐Fr slender introducer sheath was 4.2%. In those receiving hemostasis with a two‐bladder band, RAO occurred in 1% of patients receiving a 6‐Fr slender introducer sheath versus 0.9% in those receiving a 7‐Fr slender introducer sheath (p = 0.68). Larger radial artery diameter, larger body weight, and a two‐bladder hemostasis band with ipsilateral ulnar compression were independently associated with a lower incidence of RAO.
Conclusion
A two‐bladder band with simultaneous ipsilateral ulnar artery compression when used for radial artery hemostasis, is associated with a lower incidence of RAO, and can mitigate the penalty for a larger catheter with reassuring implications for use of a 7‐Fr capable system for complex transradial PCI.
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