"STEM Integration in K-12 Education" examines current efforts to connect the STEM disciplines in K-12 education. This report identifies and characterizes existing approaches to integrated STEM ...education, both in formal and after- and out-of-school settings. The report reviews the evidence for the impact of integrated approaches on various student outcomes, and it proposes a set of priority research questions to advance the understanding of integrated STEM education. "STEM Integration in K-12 Education" proposes a framework to provide a common perspective and vocabulary for researchers, practitioners, and others to identify, discuss, and investigate specific integrated STEM initiatives within the K-12 education system of the United States. "STEM Integration in K-12 Education" makes recommendations for designers of integrated STEM experiences, assessment developers, and researchers to design and document effective integrated STEM education. This report will help to further their work and improve the chances that some forms of integrated STEM education will make a positive difference in student learning and interest and other valued outcomes. Biographies of Committee Members is appended.
Engineering education in K-12 classrooms is a small but growing phenomenon that may have implications for engineering and also for the other STEM subjects--science, technology, and mathematics. ...Specifically, engineering education may improve student learning and achievement in science and mathematics, increase awareness of engineering and the work of engineers, boost youth interest in pursuing engineering as a career, and increase the technological literacy of all students. The teaching of STEM subjects in U.S. schools must be improved in order to retain U.S. competitiveness in the global economy and to develop a workforce with the knowledge and skills to address technical and technological issues. "Engineering in K-12 Education" reviews the scope and impact of engineering education today and makes several recommendations to address curriculum, policy, and funding issues. The book also analyzes a number of K-12 engineering curricula in depth and discusses what is known from the cognitive sciences about how children learn engineering-related concepts and skills. "Engineering in K-12 Education" will serve as a reference for science, technology, engineering, and math educators, policy makers, employers, and others concerned about the development of the country's technical workforce. The book will also prove useful to educational researchers, cognitive scientists, advocates for greater public understanding of engineering, and those working to boost technological and scientific literacy.
Objective
To observe the incidence of, indications for, and complications associated with second‐stage cesarean delivery in 10‐year intervals over 30 years.
Methods
The present analysis of ...prospectively collected data compared cesarean deliveries during 1976, 1986, 1996, and 2006 at John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford, UK (n=3222). Pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal details were reviewed.
Results
The proportion of deliveries by cesarean in the second stage of labor increased from 0.5% (22/4464) in 1976 to 2.1% (124/5998) in 2006 (P<0.001). The proportion of cesarean deliveries during the second stage because of failed instrumental delivery also increased over the study period from 59.1% (13/22) in 1976 to 71.0% (88/124) in 2006. Compared with cesareans at other stages, uterine trauma (P<0.001), blood loss greater than 1000 mL (P=0.002), and blood transfusion (P=0.001) were more frequent in second‐stage cesarean delivery. Neonates delivered by second‐stage cesarean had lower Apgar scores (P<0.001 for 1‐min and 5‐min scores) and cord arterial pH values (P<0.001) than did those delivered by cesarean earlier in labor. A trend towards an increase in neonatal trauma with second‐stage cesarean compared with cesarean delivery before labor or during the first stage did not reach statistical significance.
Conclusion
The proportion of deliveries by cesarean in the second stage of labor increased; these deliveries were associated with greater maternal and neonatal morbidity, but were not influenced by the indication for cesarean.
Cesarean delivery in the second stage increased fourfold in 30 years, accounting for 2% of cesareans. Increasing failed instrumental delivery made the largest contribution.
Advocates of more connected approaches to teaching the STEM subjects argue that such integration, especially in the context of real-world issues, can make these fields more relevant to students and ...ultimately increase their motivation and achievement. However, there is little research on how best to integrate the STEM disciplines or on what factors make integration more likely to produce positive outcomes. This article summarizes the results of a recent study of STEM integration in K-12 education by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The study reviewed evidence on student outcomes, developed a descriptive framework for practitioners, suggested key elements for the design of integrated STEM initiatives, and identified research priorities. The report from the study provides a useful foundation for future efforts to implement effective integrated STEM education.
Tacrolimus ointment, a topical inhibitor of the phosphatase calcineurin, has recently been approved in the United States for use in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. It is the first topical immune ...suppressant that is not one of the hydrocortisone derivatives, important allies in dermatology for nearly 50 years. Although tacrolimus is less able to penetrate thick skin than glucocorticoids, it does not cause dermal atrophy, an important advantage over the hydrocortisone class. Pimecrolimus (ASM 981), a newer calcineurin inhibitor closely related to tacrolimus, is also being developed for atopic dermatitis therapy. Pimecrolimus has an altered skin penetration profile but the same mechanism of action as tacrolimus. In this review we chronicle the discovery of the calcineurin inhibitors, their presumed evolutionary role as a bacterial “smart bomb” against fungi, molecular and cellular mechanisms of action in the immune system, systemic and topical side effects, efficacy in atopic dermatitis, and future applications within the specialty of dermatology. Particular attention is given to the issues of systemic absorption of tacrolimus, the conditions in which absorption can become a concern, efficacy relative to glucocorticoids, and the choice of 0.03% or 0.1% tacrolimus ointment for use in adults and children. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2002;46:228-41.)
Abstract Objective To determine the range of, and influences on, the incision-delivery interval (IDI) and the impact on neonatal condition at delivery. Study design Analysis of prospectively ...collected cohort data from all women delivered by caesarean section over 12 months in an obstetric unit delivering 6000 women per year. Prospective data were collected from clinical records, with factors that influence IDI and relationship to neonatal condition at birth as the main outcome measures. Results IDI was recorded for 1379 (93%) caesarean sections and ranged between 1 and 37 min; median (IQR) was 6 (5–8) min, and for 3% the interval was longer than 15 min. Category 1 and 2 caesarean sections had shorter IDI than categories 3 and 4 and intrapartum operations had significantly shorter IDI at 5 (3–8) min than antepartum at 7 (5–9) min ( P < 0.0001). Factors associated with longer IDI included previous delivery by caesarean section, increased maternal body mass index (BMI), regional anaesthesia, larger neonatal birthweight and technical problems including intraperitoneal adhesions, but did not include fetal malpresentation, multiple pregnancy, grade of surgeon or stage of labour. IDI had no impact on neonatal condition at birth. Conclusions Prolonged IDI does not adversely affect neonatal outcome, but factors associated with prolonged IDI should be acknowledged when assessing decision-to-delivery interval target times.
A reason to panic in pregnancy Pearson, Greg AH, Dr; Eckford, Seumas D, FRCOG; Trinder, Jo, MRCOG ...
The Lancet (British edition),
2009-Aug-29, Letnik:
374, Številka:
9691
Journal Article
Recenzirano
DNA analysis showed VHL and RET genes to be normal, but there was a succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit B (SDH-B) gene mutation, predisposing her to paraganglioma syndrome type I. Postoperative ...ultrasound showed a 3.2 cm mass anterior to the inferior vena cava at the aortic bifurcation, but the patient declined further investigation. In women of reproductive age, genetic testing for one of the familial syndromes associated with phaeochromocytoma should be considered when there is family history of an associated syndrome, if the patient has any clinical features associated with a syndrome, or if the woman has extra-adrenal or multifocal disease.
Abstract Objective To investigate a possible relationship between the oxytocin dose at caesarean section and blood loss. Study design Retrospective analysis of computerised data for all caesarean ...sections in a UK maternity unit delivering 6000 women annually during 1995–2009 and thus for seven years before and after the 2001 recommended change in oxytocin dose. Validation of computerised and hand-checked clinical data for 1996 and 2006 was performed and annual frequency of blood loss >1000 ml was observed. Results Validation showed most variables recorded were similar for both acquisition methods. For 17,405 (98.9%) caesarean sections with blood loss recorded, excess or severe loss occurred in 127 (1.6%) of 7177 cases during 1995–2001 compared with 362 (4.0%) of 9035 during 2003–2009 (OR 2.317, CI 1.888–2.843). It was significantly more frequent with multiple than singleton pregnancies (OR 1.946, CI 1.417–2.673), with general than neuraxial anaesthesia (OR 4.296, CI 3.479–5.305) and with non-longitudinal than longitudinal fetal lie (OR 1.942, CI 1.501–2.512). Excluding these three groups, excess blood loss was still more frequent during 2003–2009 than 1995–2001 (OR 3.181, CI 2.374–4.263). Oxytocin given during labour did not influence the frequency of excess blood loss. Conclusions The increased rate of excess blood loss at caesarean section during the latter period could be the result of the reduced oxytocin dose. If similar observations are made by others, this possible relationship should be investigated with appropriate objective randomised studies.
The vitality of the innovation economy in the United States depends on the availability of a highly educated technical workforce. A key component of this workforce consists of engineers, engineering ...technicians, and engineering technologists. However, unlike the much better-known field of engineering, engineering technology (ET) is unfamiliar to most Americans and goes unmentioned in most policy discussions about the US technical workforce. "Engineering Technology Education in the United States" seeks to shed light on the status, role, and needs of ET education in the United States. Contributors include the Committee on Engineering Technology Education in the United States.
In a broad sense, technology is any modification of the natural world made to fulfill human needs or desires. Although people tend to focus on the most recent technological inventions, technology ...includes a myriad of devices and systems that profoundly affect everyone in modern society. Technology is pervasive; an informed citizenship needs to know what technology is, how it works, how it is created, how it shapes our society, and how society influences technological development. This understanding depends in large part on an individual level of technological literacy.
Tech Tally: Approaches to Assessing Technological Literacy determines the most viable approaches to assessing technological literacy for students, teachers, and out-of-school adults. The book examines opportunities and obstacles to developing scientifically valid and broadly applicable assessment instruments for technological literacy in the three target populations. The book offers findings and 12 related recommendations that address five critical areas: instrument development; research on learning; computer-based assessment methods, framework development, and public perceptions of technology.
This book will be of special interest to individuals and groups promoting technological literacy in the United States, education and government policy makers in federal and state agencies, as well as the education research community.
