The effects of cholesterol-lowering treatment with statins on mortality and risk of cancer beyond the usual 5–6-year trial periods are unknown. We extended post-trial follow-up of participants in the ...Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study (4S) to investigate cause-specific mortality and incidence of cancer 5 years after closure of the trial.
4S was a randomised double-blind trial of simvastatin or placebo in patients with coronary heart disease, serum total cholesterol 5·5–8·0 mmol/L, and serum triglycerides 2·5 mmol/L or lower. The double-blind period lasted for a median of 5·4 years (range for survivors 4·9–6·3) and ended in 1994. After the trial, most patients in both groups received open-label lipid-lowering treatment. National registers were used to assess mortality and causes of death and cancer incidence in the original treatment groups for a median total follow-up time of 10·4 years (range for survivors 9·9–11·3). Analysis was by intention to treat.
414 patients originally allocated simvastatin and 468 assigned placebo died during the 10·4-year follow-up (relative risk 0·85 95% CI 0·74–0·97, p=0·02), a difference largely attributable to lower coronary mortality in the simvastatin group (238 vs 300 deaths; 0·76 0·64–0.90, p=0·0018). 85 cancer deaths arose in the simvastatin group versus 100 in the placebo group (0·81 0·60–1·08, p=0·14), and 227 incident cancers were reported in the simvastin group versus 248 in the placebo group (0·88 0·73–1·05, p=0·15). Incidence of any specific type of cancer did not rise in the simvastatin group.
Simvastatin treatment for 5 years in a placebo-controlled trial, followed by open-label statin therapy, was associated with survival benefit over 10 years of follow-up compared with open-label statin therapy for the past 5 years only. No difference was noted in mortality from and incidence of cancer between the original simvastatin group and placebo group.
Summary Background Trials of statin therapy have had conflicting findings on the risk of development of diabetes mellitus in patients given statins. We aimed to establish by a meta-analysis of ...published and unpublished data whether any relation exists between statin use and development of diabetes. Methods We searched Medline, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from 1994 to 2009, for randomised controlled endpoint trials of statins. We included only trials with more than 1000 patients, with identical follow-up in both groups and duration of more than 1 year. We excluded trials of patients with organ transplants or who needed haemodialysis. We used the I2 statistic to measure heterogeneity between trials and calculated risk estimates for incident diabetes with random-effect meta-analysis. Findings We identified 13 statin trials with 91 140 participants, of whom 4278 (2226 assigned statins and 2052 assigned control treatment) developed diabetes during a mean of 4 years. Statin therapy was associated with a 9% increased risk for incident diabetes (odds ratio OR 1·09; 95% CI 1·02–1·17), with little heterogeneity ( I2 =11%) between trials. Meta-regression showed that risk of development of diabetes with statins was highest in trials with older participants, but neither baseline body-mass index nor change in LDL-cholesterol concentrations accounted for residual variation in risk. Treatment of 255 (95% CI 150–852) patients with statins for 4 years resulted in one extra case of diabetes. Interpretation Statin therapy is associated with a slightly increased risk of development of diabetes, but the risk is low both in absolute terms and when compared with the reduction in coronary events. Clinical practice in patients with moderate or high cardiovascular risk or existing cardiovascular disease should not change. Funding None.
Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) has improved the ability to detect subclinical changes in left ventricular (LV) function. The aim of this study was to investigate if asymptomatic patients with moderate ...aortic stenosis (AS) had impaired LV systolic and diastolic function. Fifty patients (mean age 65 ± 12 years) recruited into the multicenter Simvastatin + Ezetimibe in Aortic Stenosis (SEAS) study with aortic peak velocities of 2.5 and 4.0 m/s were compared with 26 healthy subjects (mean age 64 ± 12 years) (p = NS). Peak systolic tissue velocities and strain were measured at 8 LV locations and averaged. Early diastolic tissue velocity from the septal mitral annulus (E′sep) was measured as an index of LV relaxation. The ratio of early diastolic transmitral pulsed Doppler (E) to E′sep (E/E′sep) was calculated as an index of LV filling pressure. Peak systolic tissue velocity (4.1 ± 1.0 vs 4.8 ± 1.1 cm/s, p <0.01) and strain (−16.6 ± 2.7% vs −17.9 ± 2.0%, p <0.05) were decreased in patients with AS compared with controls. E′sep was decreased (4.9 ± 1.0 vs 5.8 ± 1.3 cm/s, p <0.01) and E/E′sep was increased (17.4 ± 9.7 vs 11.7 ± 3.8, p <0.01) in the AS group compared with the control group. In conclusion, asymptomatic patients with moderate AS have impaired LV systolic function as measured by reduced peak systolic tissue velocity and strain. Augmented LV filling pressure measured by E/E′sep and impaired LV relaxation measured by reduced E′sep also indicate diastolic dysfunction in these patients.
Summary Background Statins increase the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to assess whether this increase in risk is a consequence of inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA ...reductase (HMGCR), the intended drug target. Methods We used single nucleotide polymorphisms in the HMGCR gene, rs17238484 (for the main analysis) and rs12916 (for a subsidiary analysis) as proxies for HMGCR inhibition by statins. We examined associations of these variants with plasma lipid, glucose, and insulin concentrations; bodyweight; waist circumference; and prevalent and incident type 2 diabetes. Study-specific effect estimates per copy of each LDL-lowering allele were pooled by meta-analysis. These findings were compared with a meta-analysis of new-onset type 2 diabetes and bodyweight change data from randomised trials of statin drugs. The effects of statins in each randomised trial were assessed using meta-analysis. Findings Data were available for up to 223 463 individuals from 43 genetic studies. Each additional rs17238484-G allele was associated with a mean 0·06 mmol/L (95% CI 0·05–0·07) lower LDL cholesterol and higher body weight (0·30 kg, 0·18–0·43), waist circumference (0·32 cm, 0·16–0·47), plasma insulin concentration (1·62%, 0·53–2·72), and plasma glucose concentration (0·23%, 0·02–0·44). The rs12916 SNP had similar effects on LDL cholesterol, bodyweight, and waist circumference. The rs17238484-G allele seemed to be associated with higher risk of type 2 diabetes (odds ratio OR per allele 1·02, 95% CI 1·00–1·05); the rs12916-T allele association was consistent (1·06, 1·03–1·09). In 129 170 individuals in randomised trials, statins lowered LDL cholesterol by 0·92 mmol/L (95% CI 0·18–1·67) at 1-year of follow-up, increased bodyweight by 0·24 kg (95% CI 0·10–0·38 in all trials; 0·33 kg, 95% CI 0·24–0·42 in placebo or standard care controlled trials and −0·15 kg, 95% CI −0·39 to 0·08 in intensive-dose vs moderate-dose trials) at a mean of 4·2 years (range 1·9–6·7) of follow-up, and increased the odds of new-onset type 2 diabetes (OR 1·12, 95% CI 1·06–1·18 in all trials; 1·11, 95% CI 1·03–1·20 in placebo or standard care controlled trials and 1·12, 95% CI 1·04–1·22 in intensive-dose vs moderate dose trials). Interpretation The increased risk of type 2 diabetes noted with statins is at least partially explained by HMGCR inhibition. Funding The funding sources are cited at the end of the paper.
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