Expansion of cities with population growth leads to the differentiation of urban texture, negatively affecting the accessibility of tourism areas in historical regions. For this reason, there is a ...need to develop tourism areas that enable people to experience the areas of historical heritage. Sustainable urban development, which is also the theory of the study, has become an agenda for the protection and revitalization of historical areas in order to increase accessibility to tourism. The Safranbolu Protected Area, which is one of the oldest settlements with its traditional housing texture and which is included in the UNESCO World Heritage Sites List in Turkey, was chosen as the study area. In this study, the aim is to examine the accessibility of historical tourism centers, analyze the spatial configuration of the street texture in the city of Karabük and determine the features of the formation mechanism of the Safranbolu historical region. The research questions are based on the impact of (1) the accessibility of the street network on the formation mechanism of the urban architecture and (2) the shaping of urban tourism areas in historical cities. The space syntax method was used to examine the relationship between the building features of the Safranbolu Urban Protected Area and the formation features of the space. Within the scope of the study, the accessibility of the Safranbolu historical center was examined through the street texture that shapes the city form using data from Open Street Map. Segment and axial analyses were made based on the current street network data of the city. The key findings of the research revealed that the accessibility level of the city’s street network was practically effective in shaping the Safranbolu Urban Protected Area. It was theoretically found that the streets with a high global integration value in the city have an impact on the shaping of traditional architecture and constitute important routes for tourism in sustainable development. The findings serve as a reference for researchers in sustainable development, urban planners and local governments who will use it to test the methodology for understanding the street layout of the historical area and improving the experiential characteristics of the users.
Designing inclusive cities by creating accessible neighborhoods in cities is one of the top agendas in urban planning and design. Therefore, it is important to examine settlements morphology to find ...out functional contributions to urban design. In this study, the aim is to find street characteristics that support accessibility by comparing street network of current and zoning plan in the neighborhood. The study was carried out in the Esentepe Neighborhood, which is far away from the city center of Çankırı. The fact that the neighborhood is one of the directions of urban development and is located in an area with low accessibility throughout the city requires the development of this area. The study area was evaluated by the space syntax method. The study was designed in three stages. First, the spatial accessibility of the street network in the Esentepe Neighborhood in its current state was analyzed by creating axial maps. Secondly, integration and connection maps were created to evaluate the accessibility of the street network based on the future development plan of the Esentepe Neighborhood. Finally, the current and master plan of the neighborhood was compared to understand the characteristic of accessible street network in the neighborhood. The study results revealed that integration and connectivity values increased compared to the current plan. The creation of simple, interconnected and intersected axes placed in a certain range increased accessibility of area. The long and continuous central axis providing access to the circular central area and the axes connected to this line have the highest integration value in the neighborhood. Space syntax will be a guiding tool on issues such as the selection, design and development of settlements in city plans. The transportation system, which promotes use of spaces around the residence in settlements planned far from cities, contributes to the evaluation of the social interaction areas for residents. The research develops a proposal method in terms of evaluating the future development of neighborhoods for creating a sustainable transportation system.
Designing inclusive cities by creating accessible neighborhoods in cities is one of the top agendas in urban planning and design. Therefore, it is important to examine settlements morphology to find out functional contributions to urban design. In this study, the aim is to find street characteristics that support accessibility by comparing street network of current and zoning plan in the neighborhood. The study was carried out in the Esentepe Neighborhood, which is far away from the city center of Çankırı. The fact that the neighborhood is one of the directions of urban development and is located in an area with low accessibility throughout the city requires the development of this area. The study area was evaluated by the space syntax method. The study was designed in three stages. First, the spatial accessibility of the street network in the Esentepe Neighborhood in its current state was analyzed by creating axial maps. Secondly, integration and connection maps were created to evaluate the accessibility of the street network based on the future development plan of the Esentepe Neighborhood. Finally, the current and master plan of the neighborhood was compared to understand the characteristic of accessible street network in the neighborhood. The study results revealed that integration and connectivity values increased compared to the current plan. The creation of simple, interconnected and intersected axes placed in a certain range increased accessibility of area. The long and continuous central axis providing access to the circular central area and the axes connected to this line have the highest integration value in the neighborhood. Space syntax will be a guiding tool on issues such as the selection, design and development of settlements in city plans. The transportation system, which promotes use of spaces around the residence in settlements planned far from cities, contributes to the evaluation of the social interaction areas for residents. The research develops a proposal method in terms of evaluating the future development of neighborhoods for creating a sustainable transportation system.
The history of the Amasra city center dates back 3000 years with its Fortress and City Walls, which are on the UNESCO temporary heritage list, and the important historical buildings around it. ...However, the ongoing controversy on Amasra’s conservation plan has revealed the difficulties of developing an approach that understands the historic fabric. In this context, the social relations of the urban images in Amasra, which is located on an archeological site and has an urban identity with its historical buildings, need to be analyzed. The aim of this study is to present an evaluation model that analyzes the network map of the places that create the urban image in the historic center of Amasra using visual methods. The urban images that form the historical identity in Amasra were mapped using the mental mapping method and developed using network analysis on the Graph Commons platform. The network analysis includes cluster and centrality metrics, which helps to understand social relationships in the network map according to its algorithm. The main focus area and central actors were explored with the simulation obtained by using this proposed model. The study results showed that the evaluation model is effective in understanding the formation mechanism of the historical center of the social networks between the architectural structures in Amasra. This study contributes to development in terms of enhancing historical identity and revitalizing the city images with tourism by evaluating the spatial structure of Amasra.
Üniversiteler herkesin bir arada bulunduğu erişilebilir yaşam alanlarıdır. Günümüzde üniversite yerleşkelerinin kent merkezinden uzakta konumlanması nedeniyle yaşanabilir kampüsler tasarlamak önem ...kazanmaktadır. Yaşamsal faaliyetlerin sürdürüldüğü ve sosyal etkileşimi sağlayan üniversite açık alanlarının kullanımlarını değerlendirmek, tasarımda işlevsel mekânsal organizasyonunu sağlayacaktır. Bu çalışmada, kent merkezinden uzakta bulunan Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Uluyazı Kampüsü ulaşım ağının fiziksel erişilebilirliği ile arazi eğimi arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymak amaçlanmıştır. Ulaşım ağındaki erişilebilir mekânları belirlemede mekân dizimi yöntemi, arazi eğimini ölçmek için Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemlerinden faydalanılmıştır. İlk aşamada çalışma alanında mekân dizimi yöntemiyle bütünleşmiş akslar analiz edilmiştir. İkinci aşamada Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleriyle arazi eğim grupları analiz edilerek yüzdelerine göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler çakıştırıldığında alanda bütünleşme değeri yüksek ve eğim yüzdesi düşük aksların örtüştüğü ortaya çıkmıştır. Coğrafi mekân bütünleşmesine sahip bu alanların kullanılabilirlik düzeyi ve özellikleri incelenmiş, iyileştirilmesi bakımından öneriler getirilmiştir. Çalışmanın sonuçları, üniversite ulaşım ağının güçlü ve zayıf yönlerinin belirlenebileceğini ve uygulanan metodolojiler aracılığıyla yerleşke tasarımlarının geliştirilebileceğini göstermiştir.
Hızlı kentleşme sonucu artan nüfusla birlikte kentlerde oluşan fiziksel ve sosyal sorunları çözmek için tüm bireylerin kent yaşamına katılabileceği ve eşit alan kullanımını sağlayan kamusal alan ...tasarımına ihtiyaç vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı; kamusal alanlarda sosyal etkileşim ve erişilebilirlik ilişkisini irdeleyerek, bu ilişkiyi destekleyen kapsayıcı tasarım kriterlerini belirlemektir. Çalışma alanı olarak seçilen farklı tipolojik özellikteki kamusal alanlara sahip Ankara Çukurambar Mahallesi'nde mekân dizimi, zihin haritalama, anket, delphi yöntemleriyle oluşturulmuş model değerlendirilmiştir. Çalışma alanında ilk aşamada mekân dizimi yöntemi ile fiziksel açıdan yoğun kullanıma sahip akslar, zihin haritalama yöntemiyle de bireylerin kullandığı alanlar tespit edilerek veriler örtüştürülmüştür. Diğer aşamada ortaya çıkan yoğun kullanıma sahip kamusal alanlarda, sosyal etkileşimi ve erişilebilirliği destekleyen mekânsal kalite parametreleri kullanıcılar ve uzmanlar tarafından değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, başta yürünebilirlik olmak üzere, kamusal mekân kalitesinin, ulaşım durumunun, demografik özelliklerin, sosyal ve psikolojik faktörlerin sosyal etkileşim ve erişilebilirliği destekleyen kriterler olduğu saptanmıştır.
Nowadays, city forms are changing due to rapid urbanization and increasing population. In urban morphology studies, walkable street network is examined through the city form to create sustainable ...cities. This study aims to examine accessibility of street network that shapes the city form by using central street line retrieved from OSM. Accessibility of the street network, one of the criteria of walkability, was evaluated in Çankırı, a micro city in Turkey. The space syntax and GIS methods were used to examine the physical accessibility of the street network. As differences in the topography are not taken into consideration in the space syntax, it was integrated with the GIS in this study. With this method, spatial accessibility, the correlation between integration and choice values of street network, was examined at first. Secondly, land slope was classified according to the standards of pedestrian accessibility and the study area was analyzed using the GIS. Finally, streets with low slope percentage and high integration value were overlaid. The results revealed that the longest, continuous, and main axes located in the area with low slope and high integration values are accessible. The accessible streets obtained by a collaborative integration of the space syntax and GIS methods are lower than the area obtained just from the space syntax method. The use of a combination of these methods is beneficial in terms of understanding the land in three dimensions, but focusing on land surface slopes is only one of the possible synergies between the two tools. The walkable street network obtained by using this method gives an idea about urban mobility. While this method works with hilly lands, other GIS data may be needed for different land types. However, it should also be extended to multi-source information and quantitative analysis methods in bigger cities, as urban walkability is at the core of the 15-minute city model, which is of high actuality of the agenda of urban planning and sustainable urban development.
Ecosystem services (ES), which are defined as the benefits provided by humans from ecosystems, provide recreation opportunities for urban people with green areas in the cities, while supporting ...biodiversity on the other hand. This research seeks to answer the following 3 questions: (1) Can the contribution of plants used in urban parks to urban ES be measured? (2) Are the location and characteristics of the areas where plants are placed in urban parks a factor in providing ES? (3) Which ES stands out in the network of relationships established by the ES provided by plants in urban green spaces? Within the scope of these questions, ES provided by woody plants in Çankırı urban park, which is an essential green area for Çankırı/Türkiye, were examined. In the light of the examinations on-site, the presence of 49 woody plant taxa was determined. The contribution of plant taxa to the ecosystem has been assessed within the framework of 13 sub-parameters related to provisioning, supporting, regulating and cultural services. Hot spot analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis methods were used to determine the ES and spatial distribution of taxa within the park. Subsequently, a centrality analysis was carried out in the Graph Commons program using the network mapping method to determine the importance of ES provided by plants. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the woody plants used in Çankırı urban park contribute highly to the urban ecosystem in terms of pollination, erosion control, recreation and education, soil and air quality improvement and habitat provision. However, the spatial distribution of taxa was not balanced. Therefore, a balanced spatial distribution of woody plant taxa, which make a valuable contribution to ES, in urban green spaces is an issue that should be considered in urban ES planning.
Due to a rising population and urbanization, the green areas have been decreasing in cities, with a negative impact on air pollution, human health, and ecosystem. As part of the urban environment, ...university campuses contribute to urban ecosystem with their vegetation. This study aims to (1) assess the change of vegetative land cover of the Çankırı Karatekin University in Turkey and (2) evaluate its benefits to the ecosystem in terms of carbon sequestration, storage, and improvement of air quality by means of a simulation. In the study, the density and vegetation change were assessed with NDVI and LST analyses in ArcGIS; carbon emissions and air pollution benefits were estimated in i-Tree Canopy tool. The study showed that the healthy vegetation consisting of trees/shrubs and grass/herbaceous, which was 32.2% (28 ha) in 2000, increased to 85% (74 ha) in 2020 NDVI maps, and the surface temperature also increased between 2000 and 2020 in LST maps.
The rise in vegetation as grass/herbaceous areas instead of trees/shrubs and the use of impervious buildings/roads on the land surface increased the land surface temperature. As a result of the analyses in the i-Tree-Canopy tool, it was estimated that the trees/shrubs and grass/herbaceous vegetation canopy covering 31.42% of the study area removed a total of 512,845.65 g of pollutant gas and particles from the air, 20.79 tonnes of carbon sequestered annually, and 522.01 tonnes of carbon stored by vegetative land cover. In the simulation, where 32.62% soil/bare ground areas were converted to trees/shrubs in order to improve vegetation cover in the area, it was determined that it contributed 5 times more to the ecosystem service value for removing pollutants from the air, carbon storage, and improving the ecosystem. It was revealed that the vegetative land cover formed by tree/shrub species should be increased in the campus in the future. The study method model serves as a tool for planning and designing eco-friendly urban environment.
Günümüzde şehirlerde artan hava kirliliği insan sağlığını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Yoğun yapılaşmanın olduğu kentlerde parklar hava kalitesinin iyileştirilmesinde ekosisteme önemli ölçüde ...katkılar sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı kentleşme sorununun etkisinde kalan Ankara ili Altınpark örneğinde bitki taç örtüsünün hava kalitesini iyileştirmesi bakımından faydalarının tahmin edilmesidir. Araştırmada i-Tree Canopy uygulaması kullanılarak alanın arazi örtüsü sınıflarının dağılımı, karbon depolama/yakalama miktarları ve hava kirliliği açısından etkileri analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, parkın %39.89’unu kaplayan taç örtüsünün havadan uzaklaştırdığı gaz ve partikül miktarı 2094.52 kg olduğu tahmin edilmiştir. Parkta taç örtüsü tarafından yakalanan karbon miktarı 74.58 ton, taç örtüsünün depoladığı toplam karbon miktarı ise 1873.10 ton olarak bulunmuştur. Parkın hava kalitesini iyileştirmeye yönelik ekonomik fayda değerinin 366956 $ olduğu hesaplanmıştır. Altınpark’ın ağaç ve çalı türlerinin oluşturduğu taç örtüsünün, sahip olduğu ağaç tür çeşidinin ve sayısının hava kalitesini iyileştirmede önemli düzeyde katkılar sunduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Araştırma, kentlerde bitki örtüsünün hava kirliliğini iyileştirmedeki faydasını anlamada öngörü oluşturarak, gelecekte kent ekolojisini iyileştirmeye yönelik yapılacak planlama ve tasarım çalışmalarında yardımcı olacaktır.
Due to a rising air pollution in cities, human health is adversely affected nowadays. Urban parks provide important contributions to the ecosystem in terms of improving air quality in cities with urbanization. The aim of this study is to evaluate the benefits of vegetation in terms of improving air quality in Altınpark sample of Ankara, which is affected by the problem of urbanization. The distribution of land cover classes, the amount of carbon storage /sequestration and the effects of air pollution were analyzed by i-Tree canopy tool. As a result of the analyzes in the i-Tree-Canopy tool, it was estimated that the vegetation canopy covering 39.89% of the study area removed a total of 2094.52 kg of pollutant gas and particles from the air. It was also found that 74.58 tonnes of carbon sequestered annually, and 1873.10 tonnes of carbon stored by vegetative land cover in the park. The economic value of the regulatory ecosystem services provided by the vegetative land cover was calculated as approximately $ 366956 in Altınpark. It was revealed that the park’s vegetative land cover formed by variety of tree and shrub species provide significant contributions to improving the air quality. The study will help future planning and design practices to improve urban ecology by providing insight into understanding the benefits of urban vegetation in improving air pollution.
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