Research has been motivated by a wide range of concepts of the term urban green infrastructure. As the aim was to indicate a clear basis for the term, an investigation of its development was a ...necessity, not only in the European, but also in a broader context. Although green infrastructure is included in the 21st century policies of protection and development of EU landscapes, its foundations can be traced back to the models of ideal Renaissance towns and urbanist concepts mainly from the 19th and 20th century. In these historical periods used concepts meant urban landscapes as systems, a part of the environment, as seen in green corridors, green belts, green wedges, green networks and through the perception of urban green systems. As a modern concept the urban green infrastructure has been upgraded with developed roles, extending functions, scopes and scales from previous historical models. In that sense it maintains its social role of improving the quality of life in towns, while at the same time defining town texture with its urban morphological significance. At the same time it also develops ecological values and extends its scale to nonurban local, regional and international contexts.
Despite its benefits, spatial planning documents in the Republic of Croatia still lack measures and actions which would recognise the true benefit of green infrastructure in spatial development.
The urban and landscape professions of the 21st century are developing diverse theoretical and practical models that they apply in solving the problems of the modern city. One of these models is ...landscape urbanism, which can be understood as a newer way of looking at the city and its infrastructure again, incorporating the relationship between the city and nature, and ecological and landscape principles into its fundamental core. In a theoretical but also a practical sense, it suggests new modalities that are considered to be able to contribute to the current problems of modern cities, especially those related to the ecology of the city. By reviewing the development stages, methodological framework and practical applications, this paper determines the potentials and limitations of the concept of landscape urbanism and suggests modalities of application in the modern city.
This paper explored the role of periurban landscapes in forming visual qualities of urban area landscapes. Examination of a large scale view was made, which is significant for city physiognomy, that ...in the example of the city of Zagreb implies visual connections of central, lowland part of city and the mountain mass of Medvednica as most visually exposed spatial element. For purpose of determination and evaluation of views, field research and multi-criteria analysis was made. The work involved recognition, mapping, grading and view valorization according to given indicators of visual quality. Total length of 128 km of major pedestrian routes and junction of the City was examined and 241 views were singled out from pedestrian perspective. Research results show that panoramic views, in which Medvednica is fully perceived are mainly related to peripheral parts of city and river corridor, where periurban landscape type is predominant. Periurban landscapes represent 18,7% of recorded views, of which dominate semi-natural, agricultural and periurban mixed type. Periurban landscapes bear a large part of Zagreb's panoramic views of Medvednica as well as a third of the views that are estimated as views with outstanding visual quality.
This paper investigated the need for the inquiry of landscape values and public participation within the decision-making process on spatial changes. They are taken into account as an important ...segment in the harmonization of conservation and development requirements in the planning of sustainable spatial development. The method for obtaining that information was established, and new approaches in landscape research were tested through the perception of its values as the first step to solving the conflicts between spatial conservation and development. Through the research of the experiences and theoretical knowledge on the nature protection issues within the spatial planning context, this paper indicated the need for determination of the effectiveness of the standardization approach to nature protection. Also, it emphasized the importance of testing a possible application of new approaches, which would be based on a mutually agreed approach to the protection and development of space. Modeling the landscape qualities of the space was presented as a basic tool within the presentation methodology and within the inclusion of different public segments in the spatial planning procedure. Its usefulness has been shown in the possibility of preparing the cartographic presentation of the harmonized model, which simultaneously includes the opinions of all relevant groups and can be easily implemented in the planning procedure using the GIS tools before decision-making. This paper pointed out that such an approach contributes to solving the practical problems in the protection of landscape qualities that represent public good and the link between nature and culture, and biophysical, perceptional, social, and developmental elements within the space.
This paper explores the application of sustainable nature-based solutions as an alternative to conventional grey infrastructure for managing waterways in the city of Zagreb, Croatia. The city has an ...extensive network of canalised urban streams, some of which are closed, flowing into the City’s sewage system and into the Sava River. However, some of these open watercourses are not fully utilised due to the inadequate management of blue infrastructure. Climate change adds pressure to conventional approaches, creating an urgent need for flexible solutions. This paper analyses different locations to assess the possibilities for safeguarding, revitalising, and developing blue and green infrastructure. Based on a thorough analysis, the synthesis of previous urban practice examples for the city area, and the research of the experiences and theoretical knowledge on the issue, this paper proposes sustainable solutions for Medveščak and Črnomerec streams in Zagreb, such as water storage and purification. The proposed solutions hold significant potential to address issues related to water supply, protection, and nature preservation in a more flexible and adaptable manner. This paper proposes solutions that provide a practical framework for the future implementation of nature-based solutions and development in other urban regions.
The paper is based on a review of the established principles for evaluating the natural qualities of landscapes and developing procedures that can contribute to current methods, upgraded with ...indicators derived from the perception and attitudes of the public. They were implemented into an integrated model of natural landscape qualities. The method included modeling of the natural landscape qualities for the southern part of the Krka National Park in Croatia. The first evaluation model was based on a survey whose responses were processed and classified using the AHP method and GIS. The results showed that the respondents recognize the diversity of land cover and relief forms and the degree of their fragmentation as the highest natural landscape quality. The second step included overlapping the vulnerability model of natural landscape qualities and the model of perception of natural qualities. It was found that the implementation of perceived natural qualities in the evaluation process affects the model of vulnerability of landscape quality. It also indicates the possibility of implementing the perceived natural qualities of certain landscape types into the complete landscape evaluation process, which encompasses all values in the space, including human perception. Therefore, the whole procedure pointed out the importance of the implementation of perceived values into landscape evaluation, something which is also emphasized by the European Landscape Convention (ELC).
Increasing development pressure on the Croatian coastal zone has lead to environmental degradation due to a lack of appropriate strategies and policies in promoting well-planned and managed urban ...areas. Research has shown that six coastal cities have been facing problems connected with climate change (storm waters, floods, soil erosion and urban heath). Key elements of urban sustainability, in spatial context, are based on a balanced relationship between built and open urban spaces on one hand and connectivity between urban open spaces and between such spaces and surrounding landscapes at the regional scale (principles of urban green infrastructure). Detailed research based on comparative analysis shows that ecological problems have to do with unbalanced urban morphology in Dubrovnik (disappearance of green areas as absorptive surfaces and loss of connectivity). The findings offer a possible conceptual solution on applying the principles of green infrastructure, where the preservation and linkage of ecologically valuable green areas within urban fabric is crucial. These areas are planned as multifunctional spaces; they are important for biodiversity, urban morphology, and urban social life, as well as for mitigating the consequences of climate change.
Ovaj rad dokumentira događaje, osobe i djela Hortikulturnog društva u Zagrebu kao glavnog promicatelja hortikulture i vrtne arhitekture na početku 20. stoljeća. Opisan je opći stručni i privredni ...kontekst u kojemu je Društvo djelovalo te ishodišta njegova formiranja i rada. Podaci se temelje na proučavanju povijesne građe s početka 20. stoljeća, u prvom redu službenih spisa, glasila i stručnih časopisa te druge građe koja dokumentira ili opisuje događaje i sudionike u zadanom vremenskom okviru od osnivanja Društva 1932. do 1940. kada mijenja ime i prestaje aktivno djelovati uslijed ratnih zbivanja. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da su promicatelji hortikulture i vrtne arhitekture bili stručnjaci prirodnih i biotehničkih struka, uglavnom botaničari i agronomi – vrtlari, te vrtni arhitekti školovani u inozemstvu. Glavni promicatelji struke bili su okupljeni u Hortikulturnom društvu u Zagrebu koje je bilo prvo takvo društvo na teritoriju Kraljevine Jugoslavije te na čijim su temeljima nastala društva posvećena razvoju hortikulture u sljedećim razdobljima. Društvo je u svome širokom spektru djelovanja poseban doprinos dalo organizaciji i poboljšanju edukacije te na općem profesionalnom nivou – popularizaciji struke u javnosti, ugrađivanju struke u zakonodavni sistem te razvijanju opće svijesti o hortikulturi i vrtnoj arhitekturi. Poseban doprinos Društvu dali su svojim djelovanjem Vale Vouk, po struci botaničar i najveći zagovornik osnivanja Društva te njegovi prvi predsjednik, zatim Zdravko Arnold, prvi docent hortikulture u tadašnjoj državi, te Ciril Jeglič, jedan od prvih krajobraznih arhitekata koji je djelovao na ovim prostorima.
This article documents main events, persons and acts of the Horticultural Society in Zagreb as the foremost promoter of horticulture and garden architecture at the beginning of the 20th century. The general professional and economic context in which the Society operated at the time is described together with the starting points for establishing the Society and its activities. The information in the article arise from the study of historical material from the beginning of the 20th century, primarily official documents, journals and magazines, and other material that documents or describes events and protagonist in a given time frame. The results show that the promoters of horticulture and garden architecture were experts in natural and biotechnical professions, mainly botanists and agronomists - gardeners, but also garden architects educated abroad. The main initiators and promoters of the profession were gathered in the Horticultural Society in Zagreb, which was the first such society in the territory of the then Kingdom of Yugoslavia, on the basis of which other societies dedicated to the development of horticulture in the following periods were formed. In its wide range of activities, the Society has made a special contribution to the organization of education at higher and secondary level and general professional promotion of the profession - popularization of the profession in public, embedding the profession in the legislative system and developing general awareness of the culture of garden design and other open urban spaces. Vale Vouk, a botanist by profession and the greatest advocate of founding the Society, Zdravko Arnold, the first assistant professor of horticulture in the country at the time, and Ciril Jeglič, one of the first landscape architects in the country, by their actions have especially contributed to the Society.
U ovome radu istražena je uloga periurbanih krajobraza u formiranju vizualnih kvaliteta krajobraza urbanih sredina. Preispitane su vizure velikog mjerila, značajne za fizionomiju cijelog grada što na ...primjeru grada Zagreba podrazumijeva vizualne veze centralnog, nizinskog dijela grada i planinskog masiva Medvednice, kao vizualno najizloženijeg prostornog elementa grada. U svrhu determinacije i vrednovanja gradskih vizura provedeno je terensko istraživanje te višekriterijska analiza i valorizacija vizura. Rad je obuhvatio prepoznavanje, kartiranje i klasificiranje vizura te njihovu valorizaciju prema zadanim indikatorima vizualne kvalitete. Obuhvaćena je 241 gradska vizura iz pješačke perspektive s ukupno 128 km najvažnijih pješačkih pravaca i čvorišta Grada Zagreba. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju kako su panoramske vizure na Medvednicu uglavnom vezane za periferne dijelove grada Zagreba i za koridor rijeke Save u kojima prevladava periurbani tip krajobraza. Periurbani krajobrazi čine 18,7% ukupno zabilježenih vizura među kojima prevladavaju mješoviti poluprirodni, poljoprivredni i periurbani tipovi krajobraza. Ujedno, periurbani krajobrazi nosioci su najvrednijih panoramskih vizura grada Zagreba na Medvednicu.
In the period from 1900 to 1945 the profession that is today known as the landscape architecture was developing. The paper presents a chronological overview, problem inquiry and analysis of specific ...problem categories: professional experience, educational and general professional status of the landscape profession in the given period and positioning of profession within the biotechnical, agricultural and technical professions. It ponders and analyses archival records and other historical archival material about the practice, educational and professional status and incentives for the development of the landscape profession. The results show that the key players in establishing profession of landscape architecture were professionals from natural and biotechnical filed: botanists and agronomists, as well as the first educated garden architects who studied garden architecture abroad. In the given period just garden architecture was developed. It was an integral part of the gardening profession and meant designing and constructing parks and other green areas as well as garden art. Scientifically and educationally, the landscape profession has been developed in the biotechnical field but with the knowledge upgrade of technical profession. At that time it was closely related to the City engineering offices as an integral part of urban design. The greatest contribution for developing of the landscape profession was given by individuals gathered at Horticultural Society in Zagreb: V. Vouk, Z. Arnold, C. Jeglič, P. Ungar, S. Klaić and E. Polak.
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