This study examined the role of self-regulation in emerging academic ability in one hundred and forty-one 3- to 5-year-old children from low-income homes. Measures of effortful control, false belief ...understanding, and the inhibitory control and attention-shifting aspects of executive function in preschool were related to measures of math and literacy ability in kindergarten. Results indicated that the various aspects of child self-regulation accounted for unique variance in the academic outcomes independent of general intelligence and that the inhibitory control aspect of executive function was a prominent correlate of both early math and reading ability. Findings suggest that curricula designed to improve self-regulation skills as well as enhance early academic abilities may be most effective in helping children succeed in school.
Background The HealthNuts study previously reported interim prevalence data showing the highest prevalence of challenge-confirmed food allergy in infants internationally. However, population-derived ...prevalence data on challenge-confirmed food allergy and other allergic diseases in preschool-aged children remain sparse. Objective This study aimed to report the updated prevalence of food allergy at age 1 year from the whole cohort, and to report the prevalence of food allergy, asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis at age 4 years. Methods HealthNuts is a population-based cohort study with baseline recruitment of 5276 one-year-old children who underwent skin prick test (SPT) to 4 food allergens and those with detectable SPT results had formal food challenges. At age 4 years, parents completed a questionnaire (81.3% completed) and those who previously attended the HealthNuts clinic at age 1 year or reported symptoms of a new food allergy were invited for an assessment that included SPT and oral food challenges. Data on asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis were captured by validated International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaires. Results The prevalence of challenge-confirmed food allergy at age 1 and 4 years was 11.0% and 3.8%, respectively. At age 4 years, peanut allergy prevalence was 1.9% (95% CI, 1.6% to 2.3%), egg allergy was 1.2% (95% CI, 0.9% to 1.6%), and sesame allergy was 0.4% (95% CI, 0.3% to 0.6%). Late-onset peanut allergy at age 4 years was rare (0.2%). The prevalence of current asthma was 10.8% (95% CI, 9.7% to 12.1%), current eczema was 16.0% (95% CI, 14.7% to 17.4%), and current allergic rhinitis was 8.3% (95% CI, 7.2% to 9.4%). Forty percent to 50% of this population-based cohort experienced symptoms of an allergic disease in the first 4 years of their life. Conclusions Although the prevalence of food allergy decreased between age 1 year and age 4 years in this population-based cohort, the prevalence of any allergic disease among 4-year-old children in Melbourne, Australia, is remarkably high.
Background There are no prospectively collected data available on the natural history of peanut allergy in early childhood. Previous studies of predictors of tolerance development have been biased by ...failure to challenge high-risk children when IgE antibody levels are high, therefore potentially introducing bias to persistent allergy. Objectives We sought to describe the natural history of peanut allergy between 1 and 4 years of age and develop thresholds for skin prick test (SPT) results and specific IgE (sIgE) levels measured at age 1 and 4 years that have 95% positive predictive value (PPV) or negative predictive value for the persistence or resolution of peanut allergy. Methods One-year-old infants with challenge-confirmed peanut allergy (n = 156) from the population-based, longitudinal HealthNuts Study (n = 5276) were followed up at 4 years of age with repeat oral food challenges, SPTs, and sIgE measurements (n = 103). Challenges were undertaken in all peanut-sensitized children at 1 and 4 years of age, irrespective of risk profile. Results Peanut allergy resolved in 22% (95% CI, 14% to 31%) of children by age 4 years. Decreasing wheal size predicted tolerance, and increasing wheal size was associated with persistence. Thresholds for SPT responses and sIgE levels at age 1 year with a 95% PPV for persistent peanut allergy are an SPT-induced response of 13 mm or greater and an sIgE level of 5.0 kU/L or greater. Thresholds for SPT and sIgE results at age 4 years with a 95% PPV for persistent peanut allergy are an SPT response of 8 mm or greater and an sIgE level of 2.1 kU/L or greater. Ara h 2, tree nut, and house dust mite sensitization; coexisting food allergies; eczema; and asthma were not predictive of persistent peanut allergy. Conclusion These thresholds are the first to be generated from a unique data set in which all participants underwent oral food challenges at both diagnosis and follow-up, irrespective of SPT and sIgE results.
Background
Despite an increasing number of publications from individual countries and regions, there is still no systematic review of the global epidemiology of anaphylaxis in the general paediatric ...population.
Methods
We conducted a systematic review, using a protocol registered and published with the international prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO). Results were reported following PRISMA guidelines. The search strategy was designed in Medline (ovid) and modified for Embase (ovid) and PubMed. Papers were screened by two independent reviewers following selection and exclusion criteria. Data extraction and risk of bias assessment were completed by the same two reviewers. Studies in adults only or those that did not report data in children separately were excluded.
Results
A final total of 59 articles were included. Of these, 5 reported cumulative incidence, 39 reported incidence rate and 17 reported prevalence data. The incidence of anaphylaxis in children worldwide varied widely, ranging from 1 to 761 per 100 000 person‐years for total anaphylaxis and 1 to 77 per 100 000 person‐years for food‐induced anaphylaxis. The definition of anaphylaxis from NIAID/FAAN was the most commonly used. Gender and ethnicity were demographic risk factors associated with anaphylaxis in children. Increasing total or food‐induced anaphylaxis incidence over time was reported by 19 studies.
Conclusion
The reported incidence of anaphylaxis in children varied widely. Studies in developing countries are underrepresented. To accurately compare anaphylaxis incidence between countries and investigate the time trends, further studies using a standardized definition across different countries are required.
Skjerven and colleagues report the primary outcome of atopic dermatitis at 12 months of age in the Preventing Atopic Dermatitis and ALLergies in Children (PreventADALL) study,11 a large pragmatic ...population-based randomised trial done in Norway and Sweden. 2397 newborn infants (53% boys, 47% girls) were cluster-randomly assigned in a 2 × 2 factorial design to either: controls with no specific advice on skin care and advice to follow national infant feeding guidelines; regular skin emollients (bath oil and facial cream) from 2 weeks of age; early complementary feeding of common food allergens (peanut, milk, wheat, and egg) introduced between 12 weeks and 16 weeks of age; or both interventions. BSIP/Contributor/Getty Images Chalmers and colleagues report the primary outcome of eczema at 2 years of age in the Barrier Enhancement for Eczema Prevention (BEEP) study,12 a multicentre, pragmatic, two-arm, parallel group, randomised controlled trial done in the UK. 1394 newborn infants (53% boys, 47% girls) at high risk of allergy (family history of atopic disease) were randomly assigned to receive daily application of emollient for the first year plus standard skin care advice, or standard skin care advice only. Following promising results of a trend to reduced atopic dermatitis and food sensitisation at age 12 months from a pilot study using a ceramide-dominant emollient with a slightly acidic pH, twice daily from birth, a large randomised controlled trial in high-risk infants, Prevention of Eczema by a Barrier Lipid Equilibrium Strategy (PEBBLES), is underway to confirm these findings including food allergy endpoints.13 Although, even if the results show a reduction in these atopic outcomes, lessons from PreventADALL suggest this intensive twice daily emollient regimen, not to mention the high cost of this complex formulation, could affect its potential viability as a population-based preventive strategy.
Aging and Recognition Memory: A Meta-Analysis Fraundorf, Scott H; Hourihan, Kathleen L; Peters, Rachel A ...
Psychological bulletin,
04/2019, Letnik:
145, Številka:
4
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
Recognizing a stimulus as previously encountered is a crucial everyday life skill and a critical task motivating theoretical development in models of human memory. Although there are clear ...age-related memory deficits in tasks requiring recall or memory for context, the existence and nature of age differences in recognition memory remain unclear. The nature of any such deficits is critical to understanding the effects of age on memory because recognition tasks allow fewer strategic backdoors to supporting memory than do tasks of recall. Consequently, recognition may provide the purest measure of age-related memory deficit of all standard memory tasks. We conducted a meta-analysis of 232 prior experiments on age differences in recognition memory. As an organizing framework, we used signal-detection theory (Green & Swets, 1966; Macmillan & Creelman, 2005) to characterize recognition memory in terms of both discrimination between studied items and unstudied lures (d′) and response bias or criterion (c). Relative to young adults, older adults showed reduced discrimination accuracy and a more liberal response criterion (i.e., greater tendency to term items new). Both of these effects were influenced by multiple, differing variables, with larger age deficits when studied material must be discriminated from familiar or related material, but smaller when studying semantically rich materials. These results support a view in which neither the self-initiation of mnemonic processes nor the deployment of strategic processes is the only source of age-related memory deficits, and they add to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying those changes.
Public Significance Statement
This meta-analysis indicates that older adults are less effective than young adults at recognizing previously presented stimuli, such as words, faces, or pictures. Older adults also have a stronger tendency to err on the side of judging things as old (previously studied or encountered). Differences in age deficits across tasks supports theories that older adults rely more on meaning in memory and have less accurate memory for the source of information.
IgE-mediated food allergy is an increasing public health concern in many regions around the world. Although genetics play a role in the development of food allergy, the reported increase has occurred ...largely within a single generation and therefore it is unlikely that this can be accounted for by changes in the human genome. Environmental factors must play a key role. While there is strong evidence to support the early introduction of allergenic solids to prevent food allergy, this is unlikely to be sufficient to prevent all food allergy. The purpose of this review is to summarize the evidence on risk factors for food allergy with a focus the outdoor physical environment. We discuss emerging evidence of mechanisms that could explain a role for vitamin D, air pollution, environmental greenness, and pollen exposure in the development of food allergy. We also describe the recent extension of the dual allergen exposure hypothesis to potentially include the respiratory epithelial barrier in addition to the skin. Few existing studies have examined the relationship between these environmental factors with objective measures of IgE-mediated food allergy and further research in this area is needed. Future research also needs to consider the complex interplay between multiple environmental factors.
Tree nuts are common causes of food-related allergic reactions and anaphylaxis. Resolution of tree nut allergy is thought to be low, yet studies of the natural history of tree nut allergy are ...limited. This review summarizes the available literature regarding tree nut allergy prevalence and natural history and discusses emerging diagnostic and prognostic developments that will inform clinical management of tree nut allergy.
A comprehensive literature search using PubMed was performed.
Peer-reviewed publications relating to tree nut allergy prevalence, resolution, and diagnosis were selected, and findings were summarized using a narrative approach.
Tree nut allergy prevalence varies by age, region, and food allergy definition, and ranges from less than 1% to approximately 3% worldwide. Reports on the natural history of tree nut allergy data are limited to retrospective clinical data or cross-sectional survey data of self-reported food allergy, with reported resolution ranging from 9% to 14%. Component-resolved diagnostics and basophil activation testing offer the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy and predicted prognosis of specific tree nut allergy, but studies are limited.
Tree nut allergy remains an understudied area of food allergy research with limited region-specific studies based on robust food allergy measures in population cohorts with longitudinal follow-up. This currently limits our understanding of tree nut allergy prognosis.
Prospectively collected data on the natural history of food allergy are lacking.
We examined the natural history of egg and peanut allergy in children from age 1 to 6 years and assessed whether a ...skin prick test (SPT) result or other clinical factors at diagnosis are associated with the persistence or resolution of food allergy in early childhood.
The HealthNuts cohort consists of 5276 children who were recruited at age 1 year and have been followed prospectively. Children with food allergy at age 1 year (peanut n = 156 or raw egg n = 471 allergy ) and children who developed new sensitizations or food reactions after age 1 year were assessed for food sensitization and allergy (confirmed by oral food challenge when indicated) at the 6-year follow-up.
New-onset food allergy developed by age 6 years was more common for peanut (0.7% 95% CI = 0.5%-1.1%) than egg (0.09% 95% CI = 0.03%-0.3%). Egg allergy resolved more commonly (89% 95% CI = 85%-92%) than peanut allergy (29% 95% CI = 22%-38%) by age 6 years. The overall weighted prevalence of peanut allergy at age 6 years was 3.1% (95% CI = 2.6-3.7%) and that of egg allergy was 1.2% (95% = CI 0.9%-1.6%). The factors at age 1 year associated with persistence of peanut allergy were peanut SPT result of 8 mm or larger (odds ratio OR = 2.35 95% CI 1.08-5.12), sensitization to tree nuts (adjusted OR aOR = 2.51 95% CI = 1.00-6.35), and early-onset severe eczema (aOR = 3.23, 95% CI 1.17-8.88). Factors at age 1 associated with persistence of egg allergy at age 6 were egg SPT result of 4 mm or larger (OR = 2.98 95% CI 1.35-6.36), other (peanut and/or sesame) food sensitizations (aOR = 2.80 95% CI = 1.11-7.03), baked egg allergy (aOR = 7.41 95% CI = 2.16-25.3), and early-onset severe eczema (aOR = 3.77 95% CI = 1.35-10.52).
Most egg allergy and nearly one-third of peanut allergy resolves naturally by age 6 years. The prevalence of peanut allergy at age 6 years was similar to that observed at age 1 year, largely owing to new-onset food peanut allergy after age 1 year. Infants with early-onset eczema, larger SPT wheals, or multiple food sensitizations and/or allergies were less likely to acquire tolerance to either peanut or egg.
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