Hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) has emerged as a major public health issue in Vietnam since 2003. We aimed to investigate the household transmission of HFMD and its causative viruses from 150 ...households in a high incidence province in Vietnam.
A longitudinal study was conducted in patients presenting to the provincial hospital with a HFMD-like syndrome, along with their household members between April and August 2014 in Dong Thap Province. Each participant was followed up for 2 weeks. We enrolled 150 patients aged under 15 who were clinically diagnosed with HFMD in Dong Thap Hospital, 600 household members, and 581/600 household members completed the study. All participants were interviewed using a standard questionnaire. Throat swabs and blood samples were taken for molecular detection of viruses and assessment of neutralizing antibodies, respectively. Index cases were defined using a clinical case definition, household contact cases were defined using a similar definition applied to the 2 weeks before admission and 2 weeks after discharge of the index case. Characteristics of index cases, household contacts, the attack rate, serotype features and related factors of HFMD were reported.
Among 150 index cases, 113 were laboratory confirmed: 90/150 were RT-PCR-positive, 101/142 had a ≥ 4-fold increase of neutralizing antibody against Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), Coxsackievirus (CV) A6 or CV-A16 across the two samples collected. 80/150 (53%) were males, and 45/150 (30%) were under the age of 1. The predominant serotype was CV-A6, identified in 57/87 (65.5%) of the specimens. No deaths were reported. Among 581 household contacts, 148 were laboratory confirmed: 12/581 were RT-PCR-positive, 142/545 had a ≥ 4-fold increase of neutralizing antibodies against EV-A71, CV-A6 or CV-A16; 4 cases experienced HFMD in the past 4 weeks. Attack rate among household contacts was 148/581 (25.5%). In 7/12 (58%) instances, the index and secondary cases were infected with the same serotype. Having a relationship to index case was significantly associated with EV infection.
The attack rate among household contacts was relatively high (25.5%) in this study and it seems justified to also consider the household setting as an additional target for intervention programs.
Summary
The conventional extraction technique using organic solvent was employed to recover bioactive compounds from plants; however, this technique showed low efficiency and caused environmental ...pollution. Novel extraction techniques such as ultrasound‐assisted extraction (UAE) and enzymatic‐assisted extraction (EAE) combined with natural deep eutectic solvent were developed to overcome this problem. The efficiency of a binary NADES system with sonication was evaluated based on total tannin contents (TTAC), total flavonoid content (TFC), and total terpenoid content (TTC). The NADES system with a molar ratio of acetic acid and glycerol at 2:1 showed the highest TTAC and TFC, while acetic acid and glucose at 2:1 yielded the highest TTC. The impact of UAE and EAE parameters on extraction yield was examined. Combined methods, including ultrasonic‐enzymatic assisted extraction (UEAE), enzymatic‐ultrasonic assisted extraction (EUAE), and simultaneous ultrasonic‐enzymatic assisted extraction (SUEAE), were performed using NADES. UEAE exhibited the highest extraction yield and biological activities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to examine the surface variations of used tea leaves before and after treatment. This study demonstrated that UEAE is a sustainable technique for recovering valuable compounds from used tea leaves.
The green extraction procedures of bioactive compounds from UTLP using NADES
Southeast Asia, and Vietnam in particular, experience a significant burden of enterovirus A71 disease, with frequent outbreaks reported. This study reveals the endemicity, importation, and ...exportation of strains within the region informing public health measures and vaccination strategies.
Abstract
Background
Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71) is the major cause of severe hand, foot, and mouth disease and viral encephalitis in children across the Asia-Pacific region, including in Vietnam, which has experienced a high burden of disease in recent years. Multiple subgenogroups (C1, C4, C5, and B5) concurrently circulate in the region with a large variation in epidemic severity. The relative differences in their evolution and epidemiology were examined within Vietnam and globally.
Methods
A total of 752 VP1 gene sequences were analyzed (413 generated in this study combined with 339 obtained from GenBank), collected from patients in 36 provinces in Vietnam during 2003–2013, along with epidemiological metadata. Globally representative VP1 gene datasets of subgenogroups were used to coestimate time-resolved phylogenies and relative genetic diversity to infer virus origins and regional transmission network.
Results
Despite frequent virus migration between countries, the highest genetic diversity of individual subgenogroups was maintained independently for several years in specific Asian countries representing genogroup-specific sources of EV-A71 diversity.
Conclusion
This study highlights a persistent transmission network of EV-A71, with specific Asian countries seeding other countries in the region and beyond, emphasizing the need for improved EV-A71 surveillance and detailed genetic and antigenic characterization.
Polycaprolactone (PCL) is a versatile biomaterial with a wide range of medical applications, but its use in blood-contacting devices is hampered due to insufficient hemocompatibility. In this work, ...electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) membranes were chemically grafted with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to prevent induced blood coagulation. The density of grafted CLA and its effects on the morphology and wettability of the membranes were examined. The study also investigated how the membrane interacted with human whole blood and platelets to determine its antithrombotic properties. As the results suggested, the grafting caused a negligible effect on the physical properties of the membrane but greatly improved its compatibility with blood, showing that the approach can be investigated further for blood-contacting applications.
•Rotavirus accounts for nearly half of cases of acute watery diarrhoea.•The rotavirus genotype in Vietnam changed dynamically from year to year.•The estimated vaccine effectiveness based on ...vaccination history was 59–70%.•Vaccine effectiveness was highest for G3P8 and lowest for G2P4.•This is the first study to evaluate the effectiveness of the Rotarix vaccine in Vietnam.
Rotavirus (RV) genotypes vary geographically, and this can affect vaccine effectiveness (VE). This study investigated the genotype distribution of RV and explored VE before introducing the RV vaccine to the national immunization programme in Vietnam.
This hospital-based surveillance study was conducted at Children’s Hospital 1, Ho Chi Minh City in 2013–2018. Stool samples and relevant data, including vaccination history, were collected from children aged <5 years who were hospitalized with gastroenteritis. RV was detected using enzyme immunoassays and then genotyped. Children aged ≥6 months were included in the VE analysis.
Overall, 5176 children were included in this study. RV was detected in 2421 children (46.8%). RV positivity decreased over the study period and was associated with age, seasonality, location and previous vaccination. Among 1105 RV-positive samples, G3P8 was the most prevalent genotype (43.1%), followed by G8P8 (19.7%), G1P8 (12.9%) and G2P4 (12.9%). Overall VE was 69.7% 95% confidence interval (CI) 53.3–80.6% in fully vaccinated children and 58.6% (95% CI 44.1–69.4%) in children who had received at least one dose of RV vaccine. VE was highest for G3P8 (95% CI 75.1–84.5%) and lowest for G2P4 (95% CI 32.4–57.2%).
RV remains a major cause of acute gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization in southern Vietnam. The RV vaccine is effective, but its effectiveness varies with RV genotype.
A new sterol (1) and 8 known (2-9) compounds were isolated from the methanol extract of the Vietnamese marine sponge Halichondria panicea (Pallas, 1766) by various chromatographic methods. Their ...chemical structures were determined as 5α,6α-epoxy-(22E)-ergosta-3β,7α-diol-8,22,25-triene (1), (22E)-ergosta-7,22,25-triene-3β,5α,6β-triol (2), 3β-hydroxycholest-5ene-7-one (3), cholesterol sulfate (4), 3-formamidotheonellin (5), para-hydroxybenzylideneacetone (6), indole-3-carbaldehyde (7), thymidine (8), and adenosine (9) by using a combination of HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectral data, as well as by comparison with the previous literature. This is the first report of these compounds from H panicea. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited cytotoxic effects on Hep-G2, SK-Mel-2, LU-1, and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 values of 9.27 ± 1.25, 11.34 ± 1.18, 15.45 ± 1.47, and 10.85 ± 1.19 µM (for 1), and 6.45 ± 0.77, 9.74 ± 1.03, 7.08 ± 0.64, 5.61 ± 0.39 µM (for 2), compared to the positive control compound, ellipticine, 1.60 ± 0.37, 2.53 ± 0.51, 1.82 ± 0.20, and 2.17 ± 0.66 µM, respectively.
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) remain common and life-threatening, especially in developing countries. Knowledge of the aetiological agents responsible for these infections ...is essential to guide empiric therapy and develop a rational public health policy. To date most data has come from patients admitted to tertiary referral hospitals in Asia and there is limited aetiological data at the provincial hospital level where most patients are seen.
We conducted a prospective Provincial Hospital-based descriptive surveillance study in adults and children at thirteen hospitals in central and southern Viet Nam between August 2007-April 2010. The pathogens of CNS infection were confirmed in CSF and blood samples by using classical microbiology, molecular diagnostics and serology.
We recruited 1241 patients with clinically suspected infection of the CNS. An aetiological agent was identified in 640/1241 (52%) of the patients. The most common pathogens were Streptococcus suis serotype 2 in patients older than 14 years of age (147/617, 24%) and Japanese encephalitis virus in patients less than 14 years old (142/624, 23%). Mycobacterium tuberculosis was confirmed in 34/617 (6%) adult patients and 11/624 (2%) paediatric patients. The acute case fatality rate (CFR) during hospital admission was 73/617 (12%) in adults and to 42/624 (7%) in children.
Zoonotic bacterial and viral pathogens are the most common causes of CNS infection in adults and children in Viet Nam.
Drug strategy is a standard method for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), a non-communicable disease with increasing prevalence, which may cause side effects. Therefore, natural compounds with ...limited adverse effects have come back into vogue for treating T2D. This study aims to evaluate the effects on rehabilitating hyperglycemic mice of cashew nut testa (husk) extract and fraction known as potential bio-substances for improvement in T2D. First, the hyperglycemic mice were induced with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 4 weeks and then were injected with streptozotocin (STZ, dozen for injection was 40 mg/kg/week) for 2 weeks. Next, the confirmed hyperglycemic mice were treated with pioglitazone (HG+PG group), total extract (HG+TE group), and saponin-rich fraction (HG+SRF group) for 3 weeks. Then, the evaluation was based on body mass; blood glucose (BG) level; BG tolerance, lipid profile, pancreatic histology and the expression IRS-1 in the pancreas. The results showed that body mass and BG level significantly increased in hyperglycemic mice. After substance treatment, there was no change in body mass in TE and SRF groups. However, BG level of HG+TE group mice significantly decreased compared to hyperglycemic mice and only BG tolerance of HG+SRF group was improved. Besides, HG+TE and HG+SRF groups modulated the triglyceride, HDL and LDL close to those expressed in normal mice. In addition, histological images of the pancreas revealed the restoration in both HG+TE and HG+SRF groups. Simultaneously, the IRS-1 expression in HG+TE group pancreas was restored to its expression in normal mice. These results demonstrate that the TE and SRF of cashew nut testa could ameliorate BG, lipid profile and pancreatic IRS-1 expression and restore the damaged pancreas and islets in hyperglycemic mice.
Understanding customer’s expectations regarding school reputation are essential to creating strategies to reach the satisfaction and loyalty of customers. In particular, Vietnam's secondary education ...system is a potential sector for researchers to invest in with the innovation in implementing public and private schools in the education system in recent years. Over the past few years, parents—as customers in the education system, are getting more and more attention to school reputation. This study aims to analyze whether the school's reputation has an impact on the satisfaction, feedback, and loyalty of Vietnamese secondary student's parents or not. The study also considers the effects of moderating variable as that is parent’s age while analyzing causal relationships above. The research was carried out in secondary schools in Vietnam, using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) to establish and moderating effect to verify factors with 230 respondents in the surveys. The results show support for the model between school reputation and parents' satisfaction, loyalty, and feedback, as well as moderating effects of parent’s age would indicate the relationship between reputation—feedback, satisfaction—feedback, reputation—loyalty, and satisfaction—loyalty. Related findings and practical implications are explored.
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