BackgroundWomen experienced violence in many different forms. It may be physical, sexual, psychological, economical, social and cultural abuse but most commonly is the combination of these. Studies ...have shown that the rate of intimate partner violence (IPV) against women is still a public health problem. It has both physical and psychological consequences to the victim.Description of the problemThis study as conducted with the aim of determining the prevalence, background characteristics of women and perpetrators and severity of injury.This was a hospital based cross sectional descriptive study among 6914 women, above 15 years of age attended to the ER, Yangon General Hospital. 134 women who were due to intimate partner violence were interviewed by trained persons using a structured questionnaire.ResultsThe findings showed the rate of IPV against women is 1.94% and occurred commonly in young aged of 21–30 years. Alcohol use of male partner was significantly associated with violence. The nature of physical injuries ranged from minor injuries such as abrasions or bruises to major conditions as fractures and internal organ injury. Women with low education and socioeconomic status were more commonly to be committed by their intimate partners.ConclusionThe findings indicate that prevalence of IPV against women is increasing and commonly occurred in young age. The majority of women who experienced IPV have low socioeconomic and education status. There is strong correlation of IPV with alcohol usage of male partner. Prevention of IPV against women should be an urgent public health priority. There should be policies and laws which limits people from alcohol abuse. Health policy makers should plan for possible interventions on prevention of intimate partner violence including provision of education. Health care providers need to be sensitised to the issues of intimate partner violence in order to recognise and treat early.
Two new 2
H
-pyran-2-one glucosides, cuscutarosides A (
1
) and B (
2
), and one new steroidal glucoside, 7
β
-methoxy-
β
-sitosterol 3-
O
-
β
-glucopyranoside (
3
), together with 12 known compounds ...(
4
–
15
) were isolated from the whole plant of
Cuscuta reflexa
(Convolvulaceae) collected from Myanmar. The chemical structures of these new compounds were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analysis. The antiobesity activity of these isolates was evaluated using porcine pancreatic lipase (PPL), and the antiplatelet aggregation activity was screened using rabbit platelets induced by thrombin, platelet-activating factor (PAF), arachidonate (AA), or collagen. 7
β
-Methoxy-
β
-sitosterol 3-
O
-
β
-glucopyranoside (
3
) showed weak PPL inhibitory activity. Cuscutaroside A (
1
), its acetylated derivative (
1a
), and scrophenoside B (
8
) showed weak inhibitory activity against rabbit platelet aggregation induced by collagen. Compound
1a
also showed inhibitory activity against rabbit platelet aggregation induced by AA.
Graphic Abstract
Screening of household contacts of patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a crucial active TB case-finding intervention. Before 2016, this intervention had not been implemented in ...Myanmar, a country with a high MDR-TB burden. In 2016, a community-based screening of household contacts of MDR-TB patients using a systematic TB-screening algorithm (symptom screening and chest radiography followed by sputum smear microscopy and Xpert-MTB/RIF assays) was implemented in 33 townships in Myanmar. We assessed the implementation of this intervention, how well the screening algorithm was followed, and the yield of active TB. Data collected between April 2016 and March 2017 were analyzed using logistic and log-binomial regression. Of 620 household contacts of 210 MDR-TB patients enrolled for screening, 620 (100%) underwent TB symptom screening and 505 (81%) underwent chest radiography. Of 240 (39%) symptomatic household contacts, 71 (30%) were not further screened according to the algorithm. Children aged < 15 years were less likely to follow the algorithm. Twenty-four contacts were diagnosed with active TB, including two rifampicin- resistant cases (yield of active TB = 3.9%, 95% CI: 2.3%-6.5%). The highest yield was found among children aged < 5 years (10.0%, 95% CI: 3.6%-24.7%). Household contact screening should be strengthened, continued, and scaled up for all MDR-TB patients in Myanmar.
The dissemination of CMY-type enzymes, one of the plasmid-mediated AmpC beta-lactamases, among Enterobacteriaceae has become an important public health concern. In this study, genetic diversity of ...CMY beta-lactamase genes was investigated for 50
-positive isolates detected from 426 clinical isolates of
in Yangon, Myanmar. CMY genes were differentiated into 9 types, with
being predominant (22 isolates, 44%), followed by
,
,
, and included three novel types (CMY-156, CMY-158, CMY-159). Among
harboring
, phylogenetic group D-sequence type (ST)405 and A-ST410 were the most common genotypes, and
was detected in 72% (36/50) of isolates.
was distributed to phylogenetic groups A, B1, and D
with 11 STs, which included 10 isolates harboring carbapenemase genes (
,
, or
). Phylogenetic analysis of all the
genes reported to date, including the three novel types in the present study, revealed the presence of at least four distinct genetic groups, that is, CMY-1, CMY-2, CMY-70, and CMY-98 group, showing less than 91% nucleotide sequence identities among different groups. CMY-2 group beta-lactamase genes, which contained by far the largest number of CMY types (89.7%) with extensive diversity, were divided into two clusters (I and II). While eight CMY types identified in the present study were classified into CMY-2 group cluster I, novel type CMY-159 was assigned into CMY-98 group with a
strain in Thailand.
Background
Previous studies in Europe and the USA have reported a high prevalence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs), but data on local ADRs in Myanmar are sparse.
Objective
Our objective was to study ...ADRs in patients admitted to selected wards of Yangon General Hospital (YGH) and Yangon Specialty Hospital (YSH), Myanmar.
Methods
This was a prospective observational study in three hospital wards during the first quarter of 2019. Suspected ADRs were carefully investigated in a face-to-face interview with each patient and via review of clinical records. Patients transferred to other wards or discharged were followed-up by the researchers until day 28 after admission. ADRs were divided into those that (1) led to the admission and (2) occurred during the hospital stay or after discharge (up to day 28 after admission).
Results
A total of 65 ADRs were identified, with 47 (29.4%) of 160 patients experiencing at least one ADR. Among these, 16 (24.6%) had led to hospital admission and 49 (75.4%) occurred in 31 patients during their hospital stay. Of 160 patients, 21 had taken at least one herbal remedy and six of these developed an ADR. Five ADR–drug associations (hypokalaemia with methylprednisolone, increased transaminase levels with standard antituberculosis drugs, upper gastrointestinal bleeding with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, constipation with tramadol, and increased transaminase levels with herbal remedies) represented 18 (27.7%) of the 65 ADRs in this study. According to the Schumock and Thornton preventability scale, more than half of these ADRs (35 53.9%) were preventable.
Conclusion
The present study highlights the existence of ADRs among patients attending these hospitals. The implementation of active pharmacovigilance in hospitals could be a helpful first step to improving the awareness of unwanted effects of medicines and patient safety, as well as a way to strengthen the national pharmacovigilance system in countries such as Myanmar.
Background.
African children with severe falciparum malaria commonly have concomitant gram-negative bacteremia, but co-infection has been thought to be relatively rare in adult malaria.
Background.
...African children with severe falciparum malaria commonly have concomitant Gram-negative bacteremia, but co-infection has been thought to be relatively rare in adult malaria.
Methods.
Adults with a diagnosis of falciparum malaria hospitalized at 4 tertiary referral hospitals in Myanmar had blood cultures collected at admission. The frequency of concomitant bacteremia and the clinical characteristics of the patients, with and without bacteremia, were explored.
Results.
Of 67 adults hospitalized with falciparum malaria, 9 (13% 95% confidence interval, 5.3%–21.6%) were also bacteremic on admission, 7 (78%) with Gram-negative enteric organisms (Escherichia coli n = 3, typhoidal Salmonella species n = 3, nontyphoidal Salmonella n = 1). Bacteremic adults had more severe disease (median Respiratory Coma Acidosis Malaria RCAM score 3; interquartile range IQR, 1–4) than those without bacteremia (median RCAM score 1; IQR, 1–2) and had a higher frequency of acute kidney injury (50% vs 16%, P = .03). Although 35 (52%) were at high risk of death (RCAM score ≥2), all 67 patients in the study survived, 51 (76%) of whom received empirical antibiotics on admission.
Conclusions.
Bacteremia was relatively frequent in adults hospitalized with falciparum malaria in Myanmar. Like children in high transmission settings, bacteremic adults in this low transmission setting were sicker than nonbacteremic adults, and were often difficult to identify at presentation. Empirical antibiotics may also be appropriate in adults hospitalized with falciparum malaria in low transmission settings, until bacterial infection is excluded.
The triumph of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy at the 2015 election was supposed to mark the consolidation of a reformist trajectory for Myanmar society. What has followed has not ...proved so straightforward. This book takes stock of the mutations, continuities and fractures at the heart of today's political and economic transformations. We ask: What has changed under a democratically elected government? Where are the obstacles to reform? And is there scope to foster a more prosperous and inclusive Myanmar? With the peace process faltering, over 1 million people displaced by recent violence, and ongoing army dominance in key areas of decision-making, the chapters in this volume identify areas of possible reform within the constraints of Myanmar's hybrid civil–military governance arrangements. This latest volume in the Myanmar Update Series from the Australian National University continues a long tradition of intense, critical engagement with political, economic and social questions in one of Southeast Asia’s most complicated countries. At a time of great uncertainty and anxiety, the 13 chapters of Myanmar Transformed? offer new and alternative ways to understand Myanmar and its people.
Even though the various features of satirical language have been studied in computational linguistics, most of the research works have relied on the performance of the single machine learning ...algorithm. However, the implicit traits embedded in the language demand more certain, precise and accurate combination powers of an individual algorithm. In this study, we analyzed the performance of emotion-based satire detection model on various machine learning algorithms: Regression, Naïve Bayes, SVM and ensemble classifiers. Experiments on shifting base classifiers to ensemble classifiers demonstrate that ambiguous and implicit nature of satirical emotions can lead to the misclassification accuracy while implementing the base classifiers but, offer reliable classification accuracy with ensemble classifiers.
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