Highly accurate estimates of the urban fractal dimension \(D_f\) are obtained by implementing the Detrended Moving Average algorithm (DMA) on WorldView2 satellite high-resolution multi-spectral ...images covering the largest European cities. Higher fractal dimensions are systematically obtained for urban sectors (centrally located areas) than for suburban and peripheral areas, with \(Df\) values ranging from \(1.65\) to \(1.90\) respectively.The exponents \(\beta_s\) and \(\beta_i\) of the scaling law \(N^{\beta}\) with \(N\) the population size, respectively for socio-economic and infrastructural variables, are evaluated for different urban and suburban sectors in terms of the fractal dimension \(D_f\).Results confirm the range of empirical values reported in the literature. Urban scaling laws have been traditionally derived as if cities were zero-dimensional objects with the relevant feature related to a single homogeneous population value, thus neglecting the microscopic heterogeneity of the urban structure. Our findings allow one to go beyond this limit. High sensitive and repeatable satellite records yield robust local estimates of the Hurst and scaling exponents. Furthermore, the approach allows one to discriminate among different scaling theories, shedding light on the open issue of scaling phenomena, reconciling contradictory scientific perspectives and pave paths to the systematic adoption of the complex system science approach to urban landscape analysis.
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a resposta dos tecidos perirradiculares após perfuração de furca intencional e selamento com Biodentine (BD), agregado trióxido mineral (MTA) ou guta percha. Foram ...utilizados pré-molares de 3 cães, num total de 30 dentes, distribuídos em 3 grupos: experimental BD (n= 14), controle negativo (MTA) (n= 10) e controle positivo (guta percha) (n= 6), por um período de 120 dias. Radiograficamente foi analisada a área correspondente à perfuração de furca. Na análise histopatológica qualitativa foi avaliada a presença, ou não de tecido mineralizado no local da perfuração de furca e adjacências. Na análise histopatológica semi-quantitativa foram atribuídos escores para os parâmetros: presença ou ausência de tecido mineralizado, intensidade do processo inflamatório e reabsorção dos tecidos mineralizados. Na análise histopatológica quantitativa foi medida a espessura de tecido mineralizado na área de perfuração de furca. Foram realizados ensaios de imuno-histoquímica para os marcadores de mineralização: RANKL e osteoprotegerina (OPG). Ensaio de imunofluorescência indireta avaliou a expressão Runx-2 para a síntese de proteínas de mineralização. Os dados foram avaliados pelos testes qui-quadrado, teste exato de Fisher e teste de Mann Whitney, utilizando o programa estatístico Graph Pad Prism 6.0. Os grupos foram comparados entre sí pelo Teste de Kruskal Wallis com pós-teste de Dunn. O nível de significância adotado para todas as análises foi de 5%. Na análise radiográfica a (BD) apresentou melhor desempenho em relação ao MTA, em todos os aspectos analisados. Histologicamente, tanto o MTA quanto a BD induziram a formação de tecido mineralizado, quando comparado à guta percha, que não induziu a formação de tecido mineralizado (p<.001). O selamento completo das perfurações de furca foi mais frequente com o MTA, que induziu a deposição de tecido mineralizado com área e espessura maiores. Tanto as amostras seladas com BD, quanto com MTA, não apresentaram reabsorção óssea em área de furca, apresentaram poucas células inflamatórias e maior intensidade do imunomarcador RUNX2 quando comparadas com a guta percha. A OPG esteve presente em amostras seladas com BD e com MTA. Embora o MTA tenha apresentado maior frequência de selamento completo e maior área e espessura de tecido mineralizado recém-formado, a BD também apresentou bons resultados histopatológicos e pode ser considerada como um adequado material de selamento de perfuração de furca.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the periradicular tissue response after intentional furcation and sealing with Biodentine (BD), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) or gutta percha. Pre-molars of 3 dogs were used, in a total of 30 teeth, distributed in 3 groups: experimental BD (n = 14), negative control (MTA) (n = 10) and positive control (gutta percha), for a period of 120 days. The area corresponding to furcation was analyzed radiographically. In the qualitative histopathological analysis, the presence or not of mineralized tissue at the furcation site and adjacent areas was evaluated. In the semi-quantitative histopathological analysis, scores were assigned to the parameters: presence or absence of mineralized tissue, intensity of the inflammatory process and reabsorption of mineralized tissues. In the quantitative histopathological analysis the thickness of mineralized tissue in the furcation area was measured. Immunohistochemical assays were performed for the mineralization markers: RANKL and osteoprotegerin (OPG). Indirect immunofluorescence assay evaluated RUNX-2 expression for the synthesis of mineralization proteins. Data were evaluated by chi-square test, Fisher exact test and Mann Whitney test using the Graph Pad Prism 6.0 statistical software. The groups were compared by the Kruskal Wallis test with Dunn\'s post-test. The level of significance adopted for all analyzes was 5%. In the radiographic analysis the (BD) presented better performance in relation to the MTA, in all aspects analyzed. Histologically, both MTA and BD induced the formation of mineralized tissue when compared to gutta percha, which did not induce the formation of mineralized tissue (p <.001). The complete sealing of furcation holes was more frequent with the MTA, which induced the deposition of mineralized tissue with a larger and thickness area. Both the BD and MTA sealed samples did not show bone resorption in the furcation area, showed few inflammatory cells and a greater intensity of the RUNX2 immunomarker when compared to the gutta percha. OPG was present in samples sealed with BD and with MTA. Although the MTA presented higher frequency of complete sealing and greater area and thickness of newly formed mineralized tissue, BD also presented good histopathological results and can be considered as a suitable furcation perforation sealing material.
Compostos orgânicos podem ser liberados dos materiais resinosos, mesmo após sua polimerização, como resultado da presença de monômeros residuais e do processo de degradação do próprio material, ...podendo ocasionar efeitos citotóxicos, genotóxicos e alergênicos. O objetivo do presente estudo, in vitro, foi avaliar a liberação de compostos orgânicos de dois materiais resinosos, recentemente lançados no mercado, que apresentam inovações em suas formulações (resinas Kalore TM - GC FUJI e FiltekTM Silorane - 3M ESPE), variando a fonte de luz polimerizadora (halógena ou LED), a solução de imersão (água ou saliva artificial) e o pH da solução de imersão (7 ou 4,5). Foram confeccionados 56 corpos de prova da resina Kalore TM e 56 da resina FiltekTM Silorane, sendo 28 polimerizados com luz halógena e 28 com luz LED. Após aleatorização, 7 corpos de prova de cada resina foram armazenados em água com pH neutro, 7 em água com pH ácido, 7 em saliva com pH neutro e 7 em saliva com pH ácido. A leitura dos espectros das soluções foi realizada por meio da espectroscopia de fluorescência após 1, 3, 24, 48, 72, 168, 216, 312, 432, 504 e 672 horas. Após 672 horas, ainda verificou-se a liberação de compostos orgânicos das resinas KaloreTM e FiltekTM Silorane em todas as condições avaliadas. A liberação de compostos orgânicos foi menor nos grupos experimentais polimerizados pela luz LED. A quantidade de compostos orgânicos liberados foi menor nas amostras imersas em saliva. A resina KaloreTM liberou uma quantidade maior de compostos orgânicos em pH neutro, independente do meio de imersão. A resina FiltekTMSilorane liberou uma quantidade maior de compostos orgânicos em pH ácido, quando imersas em água, e uma maior quantidade de compostos orgânicos em pH neutro, quando imersas em saliva. A resina FiltekTMSilorane liberou mais de um componente orgânico. A espectrometria de fluorescência permitiu avaliar a liberação de compostos orgânicos das resinas KaloreTM e FiltekTM Silorane.
Organic compounds may be released from the resin materials, even after polymerization, as a result of the presence of residual monomers and degradation of the material itself, which may cause cytotoxic, genotoxic and allergenics effects. The purpose of this study, in vitro, was to evaluate the release of organic compounds from two resin materials, recently launched on the market, that present innovations in their formulations (resins KaloreTM - GC FUJI and FiltekTM Silorane - 3M ESPE), varying the source curing light (LED or halogen), the immersion solution (water or artificial saliva) and the pH of the immersion solution (7 or 4.5). Were prepared 56 specimens resin KaloreTM and 56 resin FiltekTM Silorane, 28 polymerized with halogen light and 28 with LED light. After randomization, 7 samples of each resin were immersed in water at neutral pH, 7 in water at acid pH, 7 in the saliva at a neutral pH, and 7 in the saliva at acid pH. The reading of the spectra of the solutions was performed by fluorescence spectroscopy at 1, 3, 24, 48, 72, 168, 216, 312, 432, 504 and 672 hours. After 672 hours, there was still release of organic resins KaloreTM and FiltekTM Silorane under all conditions evaluated. The release of organic compounds was lower in the experimental groups polymerized by LED light. The amount of organic compounds released was lower in samples immersed in saliva. The resin KaloreTM released more organic compounds at neutral pH in both immersion media. The resin FiltekTMSilorane immersed in water released more organic compounds at acid pH, but when the resin was immersed in saliva the release of organic compounds was higher at neutral pH. The resin FiltekTMSilorane released more that one organic component. The fluorescence spectrometry allowed us to evaluate the release of organic compounds resins KaloreTM and FiltekTMSilorane.
Many papers have been published that present simulation results for wireless systems, including WiMAX. All such papers do not deal with wireless simulation approaches, and simulation is only seen as ...a side-means to produce numerical results. This paper does not present simulation numerical predictions. It instead deals with new simulation approaches for wireless systems and presents simulation software technologies. From the approach point of view, the "local" versus the " distributed" simulation approach is investigated to wireless systems. From the technology point of view, two new software tools are presented, for a step forward with respect to existing tools to ease the development of distributed simulation systems. The tools consist of a new distributed simulation environment (wDSEnv) and a new distributed simulation language (wDSLang). Such tools are described and a detailed WiMAX local and distributed simulation example is developed.
The intrinsic complexity of the DEVS formalism and the manual production of DEVS-based simulations might constitute obstacles to the adoption of DEVS for both system modelers and simulation users. To ...overcome these obstacles, this paper introduces a model-driven approach for the development of DEVS simulations. The approach provides modelers and users with standard graphical modeling languages and with model transformation specifications for automated code production. Specifically, the approach enables the UML specification of DEVS models and automates the generation of DEVS simulations that make use of the DEVS/SOA implementation. An example application to the production of a DEVS/SOA simulation for a basic queuing system is also presented, to show the details of the proposed approach.
The continuously decreasing cost of distributed systems gives academics and industry the advantage of using larger execution platforms and of reusing locally implemented software components. This is ...particularly true for the simulation of complex systems where the computational resources needed considerably increase with the model resolution and with the number of simulated entities. The development of such simulation systems, however, requires extra efforts compared to the conventional local ones. Example extra efforts are learning how to use the Distributed Simulation (DS) Standard (such as HLA) and the development of extra software for the synchronization and communication between the local and distributed environment. In this paper, we address the problem of defining a simulation language that can transparently support the development distributed simulation systems, by making the use of the DS standard transparent and also reducing the amount of extra software. The HLA transparent language we introduce is named jEQN, being Java-based and dealing with Extended Queueing Networks domains. The language approach, however, can be easily extended to any other DS Standard and modelling domain.
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