Das Thema „Krankheit“ ist derzeit omnipräsent und aktueller denn je und wird in diesem Beitrag unter verschiedenen Gesichtspunkten am Beispiel von Hartmanns von Aue Der arme Heinrich behandelt. Die ...bisherigen Forschungen zu dieser Verserzählung legen ihren Fokus vor allem auf die Interpretation der Krankheit im Rahmen einer Sündenstrafe oder einer Prüfung Gottes. Dieser Beitrag erweitert den Blick auf die Krankheitsbilder um die religiöse Thematik und Fragen der Sünde und der Schuld, die das Werk beinhaltet und verdeutlicht ihre Funktion im Kontext der mittelalterlichen Hof- und Rittergesellschaft. Davon ausgehend wird die Rolle der Krankheit in Bezug auf die Darstellung der mittelalterlichen Ständegesellschaft und Standesunterschiede hermeneutisch und literaturwissenschaftlich analysiert und interpretiert. Somit bietet dieser Beitrag eine neue Perspektive in der Forschung der mittelalterlichen Auffassung des Todes, des Glaubens und der Gesellschaft.
Tijekom pandemije koronavirusa pojačala se upotreba digitalnih komunikacijskih kanala poput Zooma, Microsoft Teamsa, Skypea i Webexa. Budući da je riječ o softverima koji su izvorno dostupni na ...engleskom jeziku, javlja se potreba lokalizacije tih kanala na druge jezike. U ovom se radu na temelju kontrastivne analize proučava leksik hrvatskih i njemačkih verzija digitalnih komunikacijskih kanala u odnosu na njihove izvorne engleske verzije. Istražit će se leksik odabranih digitalnih komunikacijskih kanala na nekoliko jezičnih razina sakupljen sa sučelja i iz uputa za korištenje dostupnih u navedenim digitalnim komunikacijskim kanalima ili na njihovim odgovarajućim mrežnim stranicama. Središnji dio rada čini kontrastivna analiza odabranih izraza i pojmova iz korpusa s naglaskom na proučavanju njihovih morfoloških aspekata na tvorbenoj razini i prilagodbe značenja na semantičkoj razini na hrvatskom i njemačkom jeziku u odnosu na njihove pripadajuće izvorne oblike iz engleskog jezika. Cilj je analize pokazati kako su se njemački i hrvatski jezik prilagodili naglom razvoju digitalne komunikacije i digitalnih komunikacijskih kanala te koja su i kakva jezična rješenja za nove izraze pritom iznjedrili.
Based on the contrastive analysis of digital communication channels, this paper investigates the lexis of Croatian and German versions in relation to their English original versions. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the increased need for developing and improving new forms of communication which enable secure and easy understanding in real time, has led to frequent use of digital communication channels such as Zoom, Microsoft Teams, Skype, and Webex. Thanks to the daily use of these communication channels, digital communication has gained in importance more than ever before and has brought with it numerous new expressions that are added to the lexicon. Since English has been impacting the development of the language in digitalsurroundings and related domains, linguistic challenges such as finding equivalents for new expressions have appeared in other languages. In this paper the language of selected digital communication channels on several linguistic levels is investigated. In order to collect the corpus, interface, and instruction manuals available in the abovementioned communication channels or on their web pages were used. The central part of the paper is based on the contrastive analysis of selected expressions and terms from the corpus with an emphasis on their morphological aspects (word building) and meaning adaptation on the semantic level in Croatian and German, in relation to their corresponding original English forms. The aim was to show the extent to which Croatian and German have adapted to the rapid development of digital communication and digital communication channels, as well as linguistic solutions which have been introduced. Since the relevance of language changes has led to a growing number of new words and expressions in various languages around the world, this paper serves as a basis for further research on language changes in the digital environment in Croatian and German.
This article investigates the social isolation of the protagonist in a crisis using the example of Iwein by Hartmann von Aue. It is an Arthurian novel written around 1203 which depicts the adventures ...of the knight Iwein of the Round Table. The novel embodies various medieval topics such as the struggle for honour, loyalty, knight’s duties and virtues, challenges, mythical and fantastic beasts, etc. Among these subjects, there is also the so-called crisis of a hero, which is represented by social isolation and mental illness, i. e. by the knight’s insane behaviour. Thus, the depiction of Iwein's isolation will be interpreted, analysed and critically evaluated in relation to his illness and recovery in the context of the crisis. In addition, the function and the representation of this isolation in regard to the knighthood and court society of the time will also be examined. Therefore, this article attempts to answer the following questions: How is Iwein's social isolation depicted during his crisis and what role does this isolation play during the crisis in terms of his illness and recovery? What is the difference between isolation, loneliness and marginalisation in this novel? In this paper, however, it is assumed that Iwein's isolation plays a crucial role in Iwein's illness and recovery and that his madness can only be interpreted as a symptom of this isolation. In this way, his insane episode is observed in relation to his isolation and not separately. The power of isolation does not lie in the loneliness, but in the reflection of the solitude, which allows the individuum to rebalance themselves, far from the disruptions of everyday life. After all, even today, because of the COVID-19 pandemic, things are out of balance. However, this pandemic has brought to light that even now, perhaps more than ever, one has the possibility to reconnect with oneself and with one's nature due to the isolation.
This article investigates the social isolation of the protagonist in a crisis using the example of Iwein by Hartmann von Aue. It is an Arthurian novel written around 1203 which depicts the adventures ...of the knight Iwein of the Round Table. The novel embodies various medieval topics such as the struggle for honour, loyalty, knight’s duties and virtues, challenges, mythical and fantastic beasts, etc. Among these subjects, there is also the so-called crisis of a hero, which is represented by social isolation and mental illness, i. e. by the knight’s insane behaviour. Thus, the depiction of Iwein's isolation will be interpreted, analysed and critically evaluated in relation to his illness and recovery in the context of the crisis. In addition, the function and the representation of this isolation in regard to the knighthood and court society of the time will also be examined. Therefore, this article attempts to answer the following questions: How is Iwein's social isolation depicted during his crisis and what role does this isolation play during the crisis in terms of his illness and recovery? What is the difference between isolation, loneliness and marginalisation in this novel? The crisis will be examined in the context of literature and literary studies and at the same time with reference to the social isolation. Using the example of this Arthurian novel, the crisis of the protagonist before and during the period of isolation will be analysed and interpreted with regard to overcoming challenges (physical and psychological), loneliness, despair and even madness. The previous research of this Arthurian romance focused mainly on topics such as the question of Iwein’s guilt or madness. Especially, it is Iwein’s phase of madness during his isolation that most of these works investigate, either in the context of illnesses as shown by Christine Saygin (35-60) or, for example, in relation to the adventures and the function of madness in Chrétien's and Hartmann's version of this story as shown by Wolfgang Mohr (71). Saygin (59), for example, assumes that Iwein's insanity was created by the author to characterize Iwein's illness and is considered to be an “alternative to suicide”. Saygin (59) also explains that madness “... perhaps also offers the knight the possibility of ultimately redeeming himself ...”.6 In this paper, however, it is assumed that Iwein's isolation plays a crucial role in Iwein's illness and recovery and that his madness can only be interpreted as a symptom of this isolation. In this way, his insane episode is observed in relation to his isolation and not separately. The beginning of Iwein’s state of madness matches approximately the beginning of his isolation - after his wife Laudine realized that he had not kept his end of their agreement, therefore their honour was violated. So Laudine makes the decision to part with Iwein forever, in order to avoid any more shame. At this point in the plot, Iwein's isolation phase begins, as described in the following verses: „nâch einem dinge jâmert in, / daz er wære etewâ / daz man noch wîp enweste wâ / und niemer gehôrte mære / war er komen wære.“ (Hartmann, V. 3216-3220) The phenomenon of isolation is often associated with the feeling of loneliness. Walter Haug (1), who deals with the subject of loneliness of the epic hero in works such as Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach, “Gregorius” by Hartmann von Aue or Tristan by Gottfried von Straßburg, offers his own definition of loneliness. According to Haug (1), it would be better to avoid the term loneliness and instead use another term meaning “belonging to a society”7 . Besides loneliness, one must also offer here a definition of the term isolation. Albrecht Classen (14) defines isolation using the example of Heinrich, Hartmann von Aue's Arthurian novel of the same name, as the withdrawal from society because of Heinrich's preparation for the coming death. In this paper, the absence of “being included in a society” 8 as defined by Haug (1) is considered as social isolation, and the aforementioned loneliness as yet another symptom of social isolation. Classen (14) also explains that Heinrich's (mental and physical) state does not change during his isolation, because it is closely linked to his illness and since the latter seems to be incurable, the isolation does not help him to overcome the crisis. 6 Own translation. 7 Own translation. 8 Own translation. The obvious difference between Heinrich and Iwein lies in the fact that Heinrich suffers from a physical and disgusting illness, while Iwein suffers from a mental disorder. Moreover, Iwein's illness reveals itself only during his isolation, which is not the case with Heinrich. For both protagonists, however, the isolation symbolises an exit from a shameful situation, i. e. they choose isolation because they were experiencing a crisis and can no longer bear the shame of the lost honour. Iwein’s isolation from the society also symbolises his return to his innate nature. He gives in to primordial urges that forces him to seek safety and comfort in isolation. As a matter of fact, these are somewhat animalistic and wild needs that force him to act uncontrollably, as seen in the scene where he rips off his clothes and exposes himself. In a symbolic manner, he thus gets rid of the shackles of the court and the Round Table, as well as the negative feelings and the shame, and only then does his phase of madness truly begin. It can also be noted that up to this point in the plot, Iwein's thoughts and those of the other characters have been described and commented by the narrator on several occasions. However, in Iwein's state of insanity his thoughts are completely suppressed. The reader (or the listener) no longer gets glimpses into the hero's thoughts as they are restricted by strong, primal urges such as hunger or thirst. In fact, it could be said that, the knight acts as if he was stunned and his thoughts and mind were frozen in a coma-like state: „als in der hunger bestuont, / sô teter sam die tôren tuont: / in ist niht mêre witze kunt / niuwan diu a umbe den munt. “(Hartmann, V. 3266-3270) Since the medieval perception of diseases, epidemics and mental disorders was strongly influenced by people’s superstitions and beliefs, it is not surprising that Iwein's illness and healing cannot be traced gradually. He suddenly became insane, that is, sick and in the same way will he later suddenly be cured, by magic and without further explanation. Hence, his illness represents nothing more than a crisis, or a heroic crisis to be exact, that Iwein has to overcome. According to Vollmann (237), “the classic Arthurian hero is a crisis-prone and that is his strength.”9 Moreover it can be observed that Hartmann von Aue introduces the hero's crisis into the story in an already familiar manner which corresponds to the so-called double path structure, because the crisis represents the turning point of the plot according to this structural model. Similar to his work Poor Heinrich, the knight falls into a crisis that is triggered by various factors that vary from illness (Heinrich), violation of honour (Iwein) to committing a serious sin (Gregorius). Aside from how the hero’s crisis is triggered, it offers the protagonist his salvation by empowering him, so that he is able to overcome in future more difficult challenges. However, the reason for the occurrence of a heroic crisis is common to all these knights – when a large discrepancy between the knight's moral values or philosophies of life and the expectations and norms of the society emerges, a crisis occurs. Since this discrepancy requires a change in order to be reconciled, the knight can no longer remain in the society whose 9 Own translation. norms and traditions he does not conform to anymore, and this will often result in knight’s isolation. In this case, Iwein isolates himself from the court and the Round Table, which he can no longer be a part of. In developing the heroic crisis, Hartmann uses a role model that is considered as the starting point of all ideas about a knight in a knightly society – at the court of King Arthur, it is Arthur himself who serves as a role model for all knights. If the members of a knightly society do not conform to the knightly role model, they may also be marginalized. This is the case with Iwein, whose previously mentioned new, untamed and wild way of life is perceived as insane by the court society. Consequently, he becomes gradually marginalized from this society. However, his isolation need not be considered marginalization if one assumes that Iwein has deliberately distanced himself from society. Auffahrt (340) defines marginality as: “a sociological model for people who live on the margins of society, that is, who are excluded from the privileges of those who determine society (this is not necessarily the majority of a society). Accordingly, they have a different view of the living world and develop their own values.”10 The difference between marginalization and marginality here lies in the fact that marginalization refers to the process and marginality refers to the result of that process. Crewe (121) adds on the topic of marginality in literature that this phenomenon necessarily juxtaposes notions of “center” and “margin” in the context of Jacques Derrida's deconstructionist theories. In relation to the Arthurian novel, it can be stated that the Arthurian court, together with King Arthur along with his knights, represents the center of courtly society and, according to Wolfzettel (4), even the center of the world (Wolfzettel 4). Furthermore, the marginality in the Arthurian novel can be defined as a concept of representing characters who are either in Arthur's court (at the center of society) or outside the court (at the margins of society). Regarding the aforementioned definition of Auffahrt (340) Iwein can be seen as an individual on the margins of society who is considered differe
Bolest kao tema sveprisutna je i aktualnija nego ikada prije, stoga se u radu obrađuje iz različitih gledišta na primjeru djela Der arme Heinrich spisatelja Hartmanna von Auea. Dosadašnja ...istraživanja bolesti u navedenom djelu usmjerena su ponajprije na tumačenje bolesti kao kazne za grijehe ili Božje kušnje, no ovaj rad nudi nov pogled na prikaze bolesti u kontekstu religiozne tematike te pitanja grijeha i krivnje kojima se djelo bavi i tako razjašnjava njihovu funkciju u kontekstu srednjovjekovnoga dvorskog i viteškoga društva. Na temelju toga u članku se sa stajališta hermeneutike i znanosti o književnosti uloga bolesti proučava i tumači s obzirom na prikazano srednjovjekovno staleško društvo i staleške razlike te se time daje nova perspektiva u istraživanju srednjovjekovnog poimanja smrti, vjere i društva
Diabetic patients are predisposed to diabetic cardiomyopathy, a specific form of cardiomyopathy which is characterized by the development of myocardial fibrosis, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and ...apoptosis that develops independently of concomitant macrovascular and microvascular diabetic complications. Its pathophysiology is multifactorial and poorly understood and no specific therapeutic guideline has yet been established. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is a challenging diagnosis, made after excluding other potential entities, treated with different pharmacotherapeutic agents targeting various pathophysiological pathways that need yet to be unraveled. It has great clinical importance as diabetes is a disease with pandemic proportions. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms contributing to this entity, diagnostic options, as well as on potential therapeutic interventions taking in consideration their clinical feasibility and limitations in everyday practice. Besides conventional therapies, we discuss novel therapeutic possibilities that have not yet been translated into clinical practice.
Purpose
To describe a case series of patients with malignant ovarian germ cell tumors (MOGCT) treated exclusively with fertility-sparing surgery (FSS) with or without adjuvant chemotherapy.
Methods
...We retrospectively reviewed the records of 27 patients with MOGCT treated in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Croatia, between January 2009 and July 2019.
Results
The median age at diagnosis was 22 years, and the main symptom was abdominal distension (57.0%). The most prevalent histological subtype was immature teratoma (
n
= 13, 48.1%). Twenty-three patients (85.2%) had laparotomy and 4 (14.8%) had laparoscopy, without conversions. Lymphadenectomy was performed in 16 (59.3%) patients, with 184 removed lymph nodes, and omentectomy was performed in 19 (70.4%) patients. The rate of chemotherapy administration was 81.5%. The follow-up length ranged between 6.30 and 115.1 months (median: 49.60 months). No patient experienced tumor recurrence. The rate of complete gross resection was 100%. At the time of analysis, all patients were alive and disease free. Fifty percent of patients who actively tried to conceive after FSS became pregnant, with 12 deliveries.
Conclusion
This study suggests that FSS is a safe treatment option for MOGCT, regardless of tumor stage and histological type.
Abstract
Objective
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is a rare intraabdominal neoplasm that grows along serosal surfaces and is primarily found in young men. To date, only 16 cases of ...ovarian DSRCT have been previously reported in women in the English literature, and no large population-based studies on this topic exist.
Case Report
We report the case of a 19-year-old virgo with unremarkable past medical history, initially presented with abdominal fullness. After being treated with the optimal treatment modality (primary and secondary surgical debulking, unique chemotherapy, protocol and adjuvant radiotherapy), the patient has remained without tumor disease for 40 months.
Conclusion
Although the best therapy for patients with DSRCT has yet to be determined, combining complete surgical resection, adjuvant chemotherapy, and radiotherapy is required to prolong survival and to achieve proper quality of life.
Introduction: Cervical cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors of the female reproductive system in women between 15-35 years of age. It takes third place in the frequency of all ...reproductive system cancers in Croatia. The aim of the present study was to analyze prognostic factors influencing on reccurence to improve therapeutic management.
Materials and Methods: We reviewed medical records and pathological materials obtained from 61 patients with stage IA2-IB2 between 2003 and 2013. The comparison of women with and without recurrence showed statistical significance in certain factors; age when diagnosed, size of tumor, depth of stromal invasion, lymph vascular space invasion, infiltration of the uterine isthmus and lymph node metastases.
Results: Median age at diagnosis was 46 years. Lymph-vascular space invasion (LVSI) was present in 22 (36.1%) with cervical isthmus involvement in 18 (29.5%) patients. Tumor recurrence within observation interval was present in 6 (9.8%) patients. Median time of reccurrence was 24 (range 14-48) months. In univariate statistical analysis lymph-vascular space invasion (P=0.011), cervical isthmus involvement (P=0.002) and positive lymph nodes (P=0.005) were significant parameters for occurrence of recidive while in multivariate statistical analysis cervical isthmus involvement (P=0.036) remained as only independent risk factor for recidive occurrence.
Conclusion: Cervical isthmus involvement could be of prognostic importance especially in the early stage of cervical cancer when we might decide in adding radiotherapy and concomitant chemotherapy to improve overall survival and lower recurrence rate.
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