Green spaces are becoming increasingly important for cities due to the growing pressures of urbanization and climate change. Along with trees, shrubs, and lawns, flower beds are an important part of ...urban green spaces. The majority of flower beds in public spaces consist of annual and biennial flower species. Such seasonal flower beds feature eye-catching colors but require significant effort to maintain and manage. Compared to these conventional flower beds, those with herbaceous perennials are more ecologically effective and less costly to maintain, and therefore more sustainable. The aim of this research was to analyze flower beds with perennials in the public green spaces of the city of Zagreb and to develop a tool based on predefined criteria and indicators to evaluate the sustainability of flower beds. In the context of the research, sustainability meant appropriate selection of flower species based on environmental conditions (temperature, light, precipitation), species diversity, greater ground cover and extensiveness of maintenance. The research results showed that there were 327 flower beds with perennials planted in the ground. The constructed Flower Bed Sustainability Index (FBSI) showed that the majority of these perennial beds (56.3%) had a conventional character, as only 28.1% of the beds had a completely correct species selection. This result indicates that the use of perennials does not necessarily guarantee the sustainability of flower beds, since, as in the case of flower beds with seasonal flowers, it depends, among other things, on the correct selection of species adapted to local environmental conditions. The FBSI is shown to be a suitable tool for assessing the degree of sustainability of a flower bed and could be a useful tool in landscape design and management of such types of green spaces.
Plantings surrounding kindergartens are an integral part of urban green spaces. These open areas play a very important role in the lives of children, in their development, their eating habits, and ...environmental awareness. For this reason, it is extremely important to select adequate plant species, which are not dangerous for the children. There are 10 public and 9 private preschool institutions in the entire area of the two Novi Zagreb (East and West) city districts. Only public kindergartens have been included in this research. The aim was to determine the size of green open space surrounding public kindergartens, analyse woody plants on site, determine the taxonomic affiliation of plant species, and detect the presence of poisonous and allergenic plant taxa. In green space surrounding kindergartens in the Novi Zagreb – East city district, 49 taxa of trees, and 18 taxa of shrubs and woody climbers from a total of 22 plant families have been identified. Similary, in the Novi Zagreb – West city district, 49 taxa of trees, and 24 taxa of shrubs and woody climbers from a total of 26 plant families have been determined in kindergarten plantings. A total of 32 poisonous taxa, and 36 allergenic taxa have been catalogued in the Novi Zagreb – East city district, while a total of 34 poisonous taxa, and 42 allergenic taxa have been listed in the Novi Zagreb – West city district. The most poisonous species were: Taxus baccata, Prunus laurocerasus and Sambucus nigra. The species with the highest allergenic potential were: Thuja occidentalis, Betula pendula and Acer platanoides.
Plantings surrounding kindergartens are an integral part of urban green spaces. These open areas play a very important role in the lives of children, in their development, their eating habits, and ...environmental awareness. For this reason, it is extremely important to select adequate plant species, which are not dangerous for the children. There are 10 public and 9 private preschool institutions in the entire area of the two Novi Zagreb (East and West) city districts. Only public kindergartens have been included in this research. The aim was to determine the size of green open space surrounding public kindergartens, analyse woody plants on site, determine the taxonomic affiliation of plant species, and detect the presence of poisonous and allergenic plant taxa. In green space surrounding kindergartens in the Novi Zagreb - East city district, 49 taxa of trees, and 18 taxa of shrubs and woody climbers from a total of 22 plant families have been identified. Similary, in the Novi Zagreb - West city district, 49 taxa of trees, and 24 taxa of shrubs and woody climbers from a total of 26 plant families have been determined in kindergarten plantings. A total of 32 poisonous taxa, and 36 allergenic taxa have been catalogued in the Novi Zagreb - East city district, while a total of 34 poisonous taxa, and 42 allergenic taxa have been listed in the Novi Zagreb - West city district. The most poisonous species were: Taxus baccata, Prunus laurocerasus and Sambucus nigra. The species with the highest allergenic potential were: Thuja occidental's, Betula pendula and Acer platanoides.
Preschool education plays an important role because it lays the foundation for a child’s cognitive, social, and emotional development and shapes responsible and informed individuals. Early childhood ...education teaches values such as sustainability, environmental protection, and social responsibility. By integrating sustainability into preschool education, we are cultivating an environmentally conscious generation that will contribute to a more sustainable and resilient future. The aim of this study was to determine if there are differences in attitudes and knowledge about various aspects of sustainability (such as gardening, plants, food and proper nutrition, and waste recycling) among children attending two different kindergarten educational programs (ecological and language programs). The study was conducted using the F2F-PAPI survey method and included 58 children aged 4 to 6 years. The results showed that children from the ecological program had greater knowledge of sustainability topics than children whose program focused on early foreign language learning (t(44) = 12.542, p = 0.000). Taking into account the desirable diversity of different educational programs in kindergartens, the results suggest that it is necessary to include environmental education to a greater extent as a foundation in the curricula of mandatory regular programs if we are to achieve some of the key sustainable development goals.
Iris adriatica is indigenous to Mediterranean part of Croatia. It is an attractive plant and has opportunities for introduction into horticulture and the ornamental plant market. Research was ...conducted in the experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, to assess the possibility of growing this species as a pot plant. Research included 360 potted plants placed as randomized block design experiment. The goal of this research was to determine influence of chosen substrates and fertilizers, as well as to explore growth and development dynamic of the species cultivated outdoors from June till August 2010. The following characteristics were measured: plants height, number of leaves, and number of rosettes. Biometric analysis showed that the development of Iris adriatica was significantly influenced only by substrate, while fertilization and interaction of substrate and fertilization showed no significant impact on examined plants characteristics.
Školski vrtovi trebali bi proizaći iz sredine u kojoj se nalaze. Predstavljaju mjesta koja služe za boravak učenika u slobodno vrijeme, ali su pogodni i za proučavanje brojnih sadržaja vezanih uz ...nastavu i izvannastavne aktivnosti. Izuzetno je važno kod učenika razvijati pozitivne psihofizičke osobine, poticati usvajanje novih znanja i vještina u zdravom okruženju. Ovakav pristup učenju i ulozi okoliša u odgoju, trebao bi pobuditi interes za prirodu i stvoriti čim ranije što intimniju vezu učenika i prirode.
Pregledom literature i arhivske građe te intervjuiranjem starijih stanovnika sakupljeni su podaci o biljnim vrstama koje su se nekad tradicionalno uzgajale u vrtovima na području općine Rugvica. Ti podaci, zajedno s podacima o prisutnosti biljnih vrsta školskog dvorišta, poslužili su kao temelj preporuka za odabir vrsta za uređenje okoliša škole. Pomoću literature određena je taksonomska pripadnost, životni oblik i porijeklo inventariziranih vrsta te je predložen niz vrtlarskih aktivnosti primjerenih djeci nižih razreda. Na području općine Rugvica u prošlosti se živjelo od poljoprivrede, a uz kuće su se nalazili povrtnjaci i voćnjaci. Na okućnicama je bilo i raznolikog ukrasnog bilja. U vrtu OŠ Rugvica determinirano je 17 biljnih porodica i 28 vrsta. Porodice s najvećim brojem vrsta su Pinaceae i Lamiaceae. U vrtu se nalaze i zanimljivi detalji (sjenica, meteorološka kućica, viseći vrt). Za dodavanje sadržaja vrtu predložene su povrtna, voćna, začinsko-ljekovita i tradicijska cvjetna gredica te je osmišljen cjelogodišnji program radionica za djecu za koje bi se materijali uglavnom mogli naći u školskom vrtu i bližem okolišu.
School gardens should come out from the environment in which they are located. There, pupils should spend their free time, but they should be suitable for studying numerous contents related to curricular and extracurricular activities as well. It is extremely important for students to develop positive psychophysical characteristics, encourage the acquisition of new knowledge and skills in a healthy environment. Such approach in learning and the environmental role in education should arouse interest in the natural and create as intimate a connection between students and nature as possible. By reviewing the literature and archives and interviewing elderly residents, data were collected on plant species that were once traditionally grown in gardens in the municipality of Rugvica. The field visit listed the plant species of the school yard, and the literature determined the taxonomic affiliation, life form and origin. Based on the results of the interview and inventory, species for arranging the school environment were proposed, and with the help of the literature, an overview of gardening activities suitable for lower grade children was given. In the area of Rugvica, in the past, people lived from agriculture, and next to the houses there were vegetable gardens and orchards. There were also a variety of ornamental plants in the backyards. In the garden of the elementary school Rugvica, 17 plant families and 28 species were determined. The families with the largest number of species are Pinaceae and Lamiaceae. In the garden there are also interesting details (gazebo, meteorological house, hanging garden). To add content to the garden, vegetable, fruit, spice-medicinal and traditional flower beds have been proposed, and a year-round program of workshops has been designed for which materials could most often be found in the school garden and the surrounding area
The green infrastructure of Zagreb’s Lower Town is made up of row-planted trees and green spaces within blocks of buildings. All schools are surrounded by green spaces that have a positive impact on ...the environment. Although most green spaces contribute to improving the quality of life, they also contain toxic and allergenic species which are potentially hazardous, particularly to children. This paper aims to make an inventory of plant species in the environment of primary schools in Zagreb’s Lower Town district, and to determine the presence of toxic and allergenic species. The field research was conducted from March to the end of May 2021 at 7 primary school locations. 13 either annual or biennial plant families were catalogued. In total, 34 species of herbaceous perennials and geophytes, and 36 species of trees from 17 plant families were listed. A total of 38 species of shrubs and climbers were found. Also, a total of 35 poisonous and 28 allergenic plant taxa are planted in the green spaces surrounding primary schools. The most common poisonous species found are
and
, and
, a highly poisonous species, was also found. No moderately poisonous species have been found at all. As far as allergenic species are concerned, school environments are dominated by those that produce low and moderate levels of pollen concentration in the air. Species that produce high levels of pollen concentration (e.g.,
,
, etc.) are the least represented ones, while species that produce a very high concentration of pollen have not been recorded in any of the localities.
Vrste roda Heuchera L. pripadaju skupini trajnica koje se najčešće primjenjuju za uređenje cvjetnih gredica i kamenjara. Osim cvijeta, posjeduju privlačno lišće, što ih čini zanimljivima kroz cijelu ...godinu. Pri generativnom razmnožavanju koje je zastupljeno u značajnoj mjeri u proizvodnji trajnica, često dolazi do problema sporog nicanja što poskupljuje troškove proizvodnje, stoga je poželjan što kraći period od sjetve do nicanja.
Cilj rada je bio utvrditi utjecaj endomikorizne gljive Glomus mossae na dinamiku nicanja sjemena i razvoj listova kod kultivara Heuchera sanguinea Engelm. 'Metallica'. Sjeme je posijano u prethodno inokulirani supstrat sporama endomikorizne gljive Glomus mossae u dvije različite koncentracije, od 2,5 vol. %, i 5 vol. %. Rezultati istraživanja pokazuju da je endomikorizna gljiva Glomus mossae imala pozitivan učinak na dinamiku nicanja u usporedbi s kontrolom. Pozitivan učinak Glomus mossae izostao je kod razvoja listova, u manjoj koncentraciji inokuluma u supstratu (2,5 vol. %), u usporedbi s kontrolom.
Premda grad Zagreb ima dugu tradiciju uređenja vrtova i gradskih zelenih površina, podaci o vrstama koje se pritom koriste su uglavnom novijeg datuma i odnose se prvenstveno na 20. i 21. stoljeće. S ...druge strane, navodi o vrstama koje su se koristile u uređenju javnih i privatnih zelenih površina u 19. stoljeću su rijetki tj. spominju se tek sporadično i marginalno u sklopu literature koja obrađuje širu povijest Zagreba ili povijest zagrebačke krajobrazne arhitekture. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi koje su drvenaste vrste korištene u uređenju javnih površina zelenila grada Zagreba u 19. stoljeću. Analiza je provedena uz upotrebu dostupnih literaturnih podataka. Na temelju sekundarnih izvora podataka, sastavljena je baza ukrasnih drvenastih vrsta koje su se sadile na javnim površinama zelenila grada Zagreba u 19. stoljeću. Sakupljeni su podaci o korištenim vrstama, godini (ili drugoj vremenskoj odrednici) spominjanja, namjeni te specifičnoj lokaciji. Istraživanjem je utvrđeno da su u 19. stoljeću uglavnom u primjeni listopadne stablašice kao alejna stabla, grupacije stabala ili soliteri. Najčešće sađene vrste bile su iz rodova:
Platanus, Acer, Populus, Liriodendron, Betula, Tilia
i
Morus
, a od drvenastih penjačica zabilježene su bršljan (
Hedera helix
) i vinova loza (
Vitis vinifera
). Naveliko su se koristile ruže (
Rosa
spp.).
Although the city of Zagreb has a long tradition of designing gardens and city green areas, the data on the species used are mostly recent and refer primarily to the 20th and 21st centuries. On the other hand, references to the species used in the design of public and private green areas in the 19th century are rare, i.e. they are mentioned only sporadically and marginally within the literature that deals with the wider history of Zagreb or the history of Zagreb's landscape architecture. The aim of this work was to determine the woody species used in the landscaping of public green areas of the city of Zagreb in the 19th century. The analysis was carried out with the use of available literature data. Based on the secondary literature sources used, a database of ornamental woody species that were used on public green areas of the city of Zagreb in the 19th century was compiled. Data were collected on the species used, year (or other time frame) of mention, purpose and specific location. Research has established that in the 19th century deciduous tree species were mostly used as alley trees or solitaires. The most frequently planted species were from the genera:
Platanus, Acer, Populus, Liriodendron, Betula, Tilia
and
Morus
, and, from the woody climbers, ivy (
Hedera helix
) and vines (
Vitis vinifera
) were noted. Roses (
Rosa
spp.) were widely used.
In some countries, such as Croatia, horticultural therapy (HT) is still in its early stages, which is reflected in the extremely low use of this therapy in practice. The main reasons for this are the ...lack of necessary infrastructure (outdoor or indoor spaces for horticultural activities) and formal education that would allow HT to be carried out safely. The aim of the research was to determine the awareness and perception of the staff of the Special Hospital for the Protection of Children with Neurodevelopmental and Motor Disabilities in Zagreb about the benefits and possibilities of introducing HT into regular therapeutic activities. The research was conducted in 2019 by means of a survey among members of the reference population, i.e., a sample of 120 health workers of the referred hospital. The results show that most respondents are familiar with the concept of horticultural therapy, while as many as 88 % of respondents believe that horticultural therapy is not or is insufficiently known in their environment. Most of the respondents do not recommend HT to their patients. Additional training in HT is considered important or very important by almost all respondents, regardless of where such training would take place. At the same time, 89 % of respondents believe that additional training and the use of HT would significantly improve the overall psychophysical condition of patients and stimulate more competition among colleagues which will lead to a broader application of horticultural therapy. The results show that healthcare professionals are interested in HT in healthcare facilities and are willing to be trained in its safe use.
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