Filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC) is considered a promising alternative to the Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) scheme. It improves spectral efficiency by eliminating the need for ...cyclic prefix while attenuating interference due to the robustness of the out-of-band emission. In this work, we present a framework, and the performance evaluation of FBMC is a multi-carrier modulation scheme for the direct detection of optical communications. As the proposed model has higher spectral efficiency than the classical ACO-OFDM, as removing the guard interval enhances the spectral efficiency. Furthermore, the perfect rectangular pulse shaping and eliminating the out of band emission of the filter bank enhances the ACO-FBMC the BER performance of the ACO-OFDM. We propose a transceiver model for Asymmetrical Clipped Optical FBMC (ACO-FBMC) based on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) operations, analyze inter-frame interference, and offer an iterative receptive method to eliminate it. Finally, we compared the bit error rate (BER) performance of the ACO-FBMC using different overlapping factors with the ACO-OFDM.
Statement of problem New technologies have led to the introduction of new materials, so an evaluation of the adhesion of ceramics to these materials is needed. Purpose The purpose of this study was ...to compare the shear bond strength of dental porcelain to cast, milled, and laser-sintered cobalt-chromium alloys, and to investigate the adhesive bond and failure type after thermocycling, 90 metal cylinders (10 mm diameter and 10 mm height) were prepared from cast (30 specimens), milled (30 specimens), and laser-sintered (30 specimens) alloys. Material and methods Ceramic cylinders (2.5 mm diameter and 4 mm length) were fused to the alloy cylinders. For each group, 15 specimens were thermocycled 5500 times at temperatures between 4°C and 60°C before testing. After testing, the specimen surfaces were visually examined to determine the failure mode. Differences in adhesion values according to manufacturing method, testing condition (thermocycling or no thermocycling), and interaction between the factors were evaluated with a 2-way ANOVA. The χ2 test (95% confidence level) was performed to determine whether the failure mode was associated with the testing condition. Results Adhesion strengths for the nonthermocycled specimens were 42.79 ±14.14 MPa (cast), 37.56 ±9.18 MPa (milled), and 29.09 ±6.95 MPa (laser-sintered), and, for the thermocycled specimens, 16.52 ±8.96 MPa (cast), 22.21 ±13.25 MPa (milled), and 24.28 ±10.13 MPa (laser-sintered). Two-way ANOVA results indicated no statistically significant differences in adhesion among the manufacturing methods ( P =.257), but statistically significant differences were observed according to both testing conditions ( P <.001) and interaction between the factors ( P =.015). The χ2 test indicated that the failure mode was not associated with the testing condition (thermocycled, P =.280; nonthermocycled, P =.240). Conclusions The porcelain adhesion values for all the materials were adequate for clinical applications. No significant adhesion differences were observed between cast, milled, and laser-sintered specimens, or among thermocycled and nonthermocycled laser-sintered specimens. However, significant adhesion differences were observed among the thermocycled and nonthermocycled cast and the milled specimens.
Ultrafast wavelength jumping at optical network units (ONUs) for an access network with frequency modulated lasers (FMLs) is demonstrated. This FML consists of an intracavity tunable phase section ...and filtering gain section. It provides a total of 4.2 nm tuning range with fast wavelength jumping (2.2 nm in 1 μs) and fast adjustment (1.3 nm in 1.8 ns), providing a candidate for the fast tuning ONU for coherent ultradense wavelength-division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PONs).
Fibre-to-the-Home networks constitute a fundamental telecom segment with the required potential to match the huge capacity of transport networks with the new user communication demands. Huge ...investments in access network infrastructure are expected for the next decade, with many initiatives already launched around the globe recently, driven by the new broadband service demands and the necessity by operators to deploy a future-proof infrastructure in the field. Dense FTTH Passive Optical Networks (PONs) is a cost-efficient way to build fibre access, and international standards (G/E-PON) have been already launched, leading to new set of telecom products for mass deployment. However, these systems only make use of less than 1% of the optical bandwidth, thus, relevant research is taking place to maximize the capacity of these systems, with the latest opto-electronic technologies, demonstrating that the huge bandwidth available through the fibre access can be exploited in a cost-efficient and reliable manner. Next-Generation FTTH Passive Optical Networks gathers and analyzes the most relevant techniques developed recently on technologies for the next generation FTTH networks, trying to answer the question: what’s after G/E-PONs?
We present an optimized carrier recovery architecture based on differential detection for coherent optical receivers that substantially reduces the required DSP hardware resources, aimed at ...cost-effective transceivers for access networks applications. The proposed architecture shares the 1-symbol complex correlation required for differential phase detection within both the frequency estimation and the phase recovery blocks of the receiver DSP, thus lowering the energy consumption of the digital coherent receiver and increasing the tolerance against fast wavelength drifts of the lasers. We prototyped the proposed carrier recovery in a commercial field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for real-time evaluation with differential phase shift keying (DPSK) data at 1.25 Gb/s. The optical transmission system implemented direct-phase modulation of commercial DFB lasers, 25 km of single-mode fiber, and a coherent intradyne receiver with low-cost optical front-end based on 3×3 coupler and three photodiodes providing phase-diversity operation. Results show high performance in real time for DPSK, achieving -55 dBm sensitivity at BER = 10 -3 in a 6.25 GHz spaced ultra-dense wavelength-division multiplexing grid, high tolerance to optical phase noise, and enhanced mitigation of the fast wavelength drifts from lasers enabled by feedforward DSP correction and feed-back local oscillator automatic tuning.
This paper proposes and demonstrates experimentally the application of optical polarization-multiplexed radio-over-fiber wireless backhauling of fully standard 3GPP carrier-aggregated multiple-input ...multiple-output (MIMO) signals. The experimental work demonstrates successful long-reach optical transmission of 3GPP carrier-aggregated LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) signals using 2×2 MIMO spatial diversity. The suitability of MIMO provision using radio-over-fiber optical links is demonstrated over different E-UTRA frequency division duplex frequency bands. The performance of electrical carrier aggregation is evaluated in different configurations comprising one, three and five LTE-A component carriers of 10 and 20 MHz bandwidth each. The experimental results demonstrate successful 2×2 MIMO radio-over-fiber polarization-multiplexed transmission of five LTE-A carriers over 25 km, three LTE-A carriers over 75 km and an LTE-A carrier over 100 km of standard single mode fiber to provide pervasive MIMO wireless service to a large number of users.
Technologies for Cost-Effective udWDM-PONs Prat, Josep; Cano, Ivan N.; Presi, Marco ...
Journal of lightwave technology,
01/2016, Letnik:
34, Številka:
2
Journal Article, Publication
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
New technologies for ultradense WDM-PON (udWDM-PON), enabled by coherent techniques and low-cost devices, are developed for an efficient utilization of the optical spectrum, revealing that the ..."Wavelength-to-the-User" concept can be feasible. In this paper, an udWDM-PON with only 6.25-GHz channel spacing is implemented with conventional DFB lasers, for a splitter-based PON infrastructure with 256 ONUs. The results of the analysis of udWDM access network architecture with respect to their associated complexity, cost, and migration scenarios, exhibit the potential for higher aggregate throughput, higher split ratios, and node consolidation, when compared to competing technologies.
Transmission is a driver of tuberculosis (TB) epidemics in high-burden regions, with assumed negligible impact in low-burden areas. However, we still lack a full characterization of transmission ...dynamics in settings with similar and different burdens. Genomic epidemiology can greatly help to quantify transmission, but the lack of whole genome sequencing population-based studies has hampered its application. Here, we generate a population-based dataset from Valencia region and compare it with available datasets from different TB-burden settings to reveal transmission dynamics heterogeneity and its public health implications. We sequenced the whole genome of 785 Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains and linked genomes to patient epidemiological data. We use a pairwise distance clustering approach and phylodynamic methods to characterize transmission events over the last 150 years, in different TB-burden regions. Our results underscore significant differences in transmission between low-burden TB settings, i.e., clustering in Valencia region is higher (47.4%) than in Oxfordshire (27%), and similar to a high-burden area as Malawi (49.8%). By modeling times of the transmission links, we observed that settings with high transmission rate are associated with decades of uninterrupted transmission, irrespective of burden. Together, our results reveal that burden and transmission are not necessarily linked due to the role of past epidemics in the ongoing TB incidence, and highlight the need for in-depth characterization of transmission dynamics and specifically tailored TB control strategies.
A technique for direct phase modulating a low-cost distributed feedback laser is presented for user transmitter in ultra dense wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks. It consists ...of a simple RC network, which equalizes the phase response. The method is tested with differential phase-shift keying modulation and heterodyne coherent detection at 1.25 and 2.5 Gb/s showing a penalty <;1 dB at BER = 10-3 compared with external phase modulation.
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