Land-use transitions can enhance the livelihoods of smallholder farmers but potential economic-ecological trade-offs remain poorly understood. Here, we present an interdisciplinary study of the ...environmental, social and economic consequences of land-use transitions in a tropical smallholder landscape on Sumatra, Indonesia. We find widespread biodiversity-profit trade-offs resulting from land-use transitions from forest and agroforestry systems to rubber and oil palm monocultures, for 26,894 aboveground and belowground species and whole-ecosystem multidiversity. Despite variation between ecosystem functions, profit gains come at the expense of ecosystem multifunctionality, indicating far-reaching ecosystem deterioration. We identify landscape compositions that can mitigate trade-offs under optimal land-use allocation but also show that intensive monocultures always lead to higher profits. These findings suggest that, to reduce losses in biodiversity and ecosystem functioning, changes in economic incentive structures through well-designed policies are urgently needed.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to determine the differences of four Telenomus species and five populations of T. rowani from several ...locations in Java. Amplification of genomic DNA by using primer P2 (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech) indicated that each Telenomus species had a unique set of RAPD bands. Two bands which characterized the genus are estimated to be 300 and 430 bp. Each species had three specific bright bands except T. dignoides which only had two specific bright bands. However, no bands are unique to any of the five populations of T. rowani and all of the bands are less than 500 base-pair. Cluster analysis using UPGMA (Unweighed Pair Group Method With Arithmatic Mean) showed that the four Telenomus species consist of two groups, T. rowani and T. remus in one cluster and T. dignus with T. dignoides belonging to another cluster. Key words : PCR-RAPD / clustering / Telenomus spp.
Thrips is an important worldwide cause of severe damage to various host plants, especially chrysanthemums. Current management still relies on synthetic insecticides to control thrips. However, these ...pesticides harm the environment and promote thrips resistance. The study aimed to compare integrated pest management (IPM) and farmer’s standard practices to control Thrips parvispinus on two chrysanthemum varieties and calculate the cost-benefit ratio of both pest control practices. Two chrysanthemum cultivars were planted in plastic houses to compare IPM and farmer’s standard practices. The observed variables included thrips density, attack and damage rates, cut flower yield, and natural enemies abundance. Data were analyzed using ANOVA, and Tukey's HSD test identified significant differences at a 5% level. The results showed that the population of T. parvispinus nymphs was higher (78%) than adults. The highest adult thrips population emerges when chrysanthemums achieve the flowering phases. This study reveals that the control effects of IPM were not different from farmer’s standard practices. A holistic approach integrating several management strategies successfully controlled the thrips population while producing high-quality crops with minimal aesthetic damage. The IPM strategy against thrips showed a competitive cost and reduced synthetic insecticide applications without decreasing the quality and productivity of chrysanthemums.
Bemisia tabaci
is a complex of cryptic species of whitefly distributed worldwide; they are serious agricultural pests and vectors of plant viruses. Whiteflies are commonly infected by endosymbiotic ...bacteria, but the infection profiles among genetic groups of
B. tabaci
are highly complex. Here we analyzed the genetic variation of
B. tabaci
and endosymbiont infection patterns in Java, Indonesia. Specifically, adult
B. tabaci
were collected from four provinces and 43 partial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene sequences were determined to identify the genotypes. Results showed that
B. tabaci
was grouped into three different cryptic species, Asia I, Asia II 5, and Asia II 7, at rates of 90.70%, 6.98%, and 2.32%, respectively. The dominant group, Asia I, was distributed throughout the island, whereas Asia II 5 and Asia II 7 were detected only in West Java. In these cryptic species, the infection rates of the secondary endosymbionts
Arsenophonus
,
Cardinium
,
Hamiltonella
,
Rickettsia
, and
Wolbachia
were 37.21%, 72.09%, 37.21%, 88.37%, and 90.70%, respectively.
Arsenophonus
and
Cardinium
were detected two subgroups (A1 and A2; C2 and C4), but
Hamiltonella
,
Rickettsia
, and
Wolbachia
were detected a one subgroup (H1, R1, and W1). The A1 and A2 subgroups were distributed in a mixed manner across the entire island; however, the C2 and C4 subgroups were distributed differentially in West Java and in Central and East Java, respectively. Multiple infections were common and their patterns were highly variable in each cryptic species. In particular,
Hamiltonella
was detected in Asia I and Asia II 5 but never coinfected with
Arsenophonus
in the same individual. Overall, this study shows that Asia I is the dominant genetic
B. tabaci
group on Java Island and that infection by endosymbionts occurs in a highly complex and sometimes geographically related manner.
Availability of sufficient feed ensures the success of the stingless bee’s keeping. One of the foods utilized is pollen. Pollen is powder which produced by male genitalia on flowers and contains ...protein, vitamins, and minerals needed by bees. The aims of this study is looking for preferences and searching for feed through the identification of pollen at stup and studies the flight range to find food. This research was conducted in 26 villages in four districts on the Lombok island during November 2017 until February 2018. Determination of the sample was carried out using the snowball information method to get 26 farmers and 1.57% stup taken as samples on three different types of land use, there are agroecosystems, forests, and settlements. Pollen samples are taken directly and analyzed by acetolysis and identified in the laboratory. Potential feed were observed directly through plant’s identification that are located within a radius of 500 meters from the hive. The results showed that the stingless bee’s feed from the Bromeliaceae and Cyperaceae in all types of land use. The Liliaceae is a potential feed in the agroecosystem, while Asteraceae is a potential feed in residential and forest land. Stingless bee that are cultivated in agroecosystem tend to look for food around a radius of 500 m, in forest foraging for food outside the radius and in settlement have a 50% tendency to look for food within a radius. This information is expected to be beneficial for the stingless bee’s beekeeping, especially in Lombok Island.
The whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and the aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) are important pests in tomato and chilli pepper. These pests directly attack and as a viral vector can decrease the ...production of tomato and chili pepper. Menochilus sexmaculatus (Fabricius) and Micraspis lineata (Thunberg) are predator beetles of B. tabaci and M. persicae. This study aimed to know the potential predation of M. sexmaculatus and M. lineata as a predator of B. tabaci and M. persicae. Completely randomized factorial design using 2 factors consist of type and density of prey with 3 replicates used in this study. The potency of predatory coccinellidae as predator of B. tabaci and M. persicae was evaluated in 2 observations, i.e. predation and functional response assay. Based on logistic regression analysis, both of M. sexmaculatus and M. lineata showed characteristic of type I functional, this means that the higher density of prey, the ability and predation rate of M. sexmaculatus and M. lineata were also increased. The predator M. sexmaculatus and M. lineata were more effective to control M. persicae than B. tabaci. M. sexmaculatus was the effective predator to control adult of M. persicae.
Rainforest conversion into monoculture plantations results in species loss and community shifts across animal taxa. The effect of such conversion on the role of ecophysiological properties ...influencing communities, and conversion effects on phylogenetic diversity and community assembly mechanisms, however, are rarely studied in the same context. Here, we compare salticid spider (Araneae: Salticidae) communities between canopies of lowland rainforest, rubber agroforest ("jungle rubber") and monoculture plantations of rubber or oil palm, sampled in a replicated plot design in Jambi Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Overall, we collected 912 salticid spider individuals and sorted them to 70 morphospecies from 21 genera. Salticid richness was highest in jungle rubber, followed by rainforest, oil palm and rubber, but abundance of salticids did not differ between land-use systems. Community composition was similar in jungle rubber and rainforest but different from oil palm and rubber, which in turn were different from each other. The four investigated land-use systems differed in aboveground plant biomass, canopy openness and land use intensity, which explained 12% of the observed variation in canopy salticid communities. Phylogenetic diversity based on ~850 bp 28S rDNA fragments showed similar patterns as richness, that is, highest in jungle rubber, intermediate in rainforest, and lowest in the two monoculture plantations. Additionally, we found evidence for phylogenetic clustering of salticids in oil palm, suggesting that habitat filtering is an important factor shaping salticid spider communities in monoculture plantations. Overall, our study offers a comprehensive insight into the mechanisms shaping communities of arthropod top predators in canopies of tropical forest ecosystems and plantations, combining community ecology, environmental variables and phylogenetics across a land-use gradient in tropical Asia.
Kutukebul Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) merupakan hama kosmopolitan pada berbagai jenis tanaman pertanian. Kutukebul dapat menyebabkan kerusakan tanaman dengan cara mengisap bagian tanaman menggunakan ...stilet dan sebagai vektor virus tanaman. Tanaman cabai merah (Capsicum annuum) dan tomat (Solanum lycopersicum) merupakan tanaman hortikultura penting yang sering diserang oleh B. tabaci. Kutukebul diketahui dapat bereproduksi dengan kopulasi yang menghasilkan keturunan jantan dan betina serta tanpa kopulasi yang menghasilkan keturunan jantan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan reproduksi kutukebul B. tabaci yang berkopulasi dan tidak kopulasi pada tanaman cabai merah dan tomat. Imago B. tabaci diambil dari tempat pemeliharaan di rumah kaca Cikabayan, IPB Dramaga. Satu imago betina yang baru keluar dari pupa atau nimfa instar akhir diinfestasikan pada tanaman cabai merah dan tomat yang ditanam dalam polibag untuk mengetahui keturunan B. tabaci yang dihasilkan tanpa kopulasi. Pengujian untuk mengamati reproduksi B. tabaci yang berkopulasi sama dengan perlakuan tanpa kopulasi, hanya saja pada tanaman cabai merah dan tomat diinfestasikan satu pasang imago (jantan dan betina). Masing-masing perlakuan diulang 5 kali. Pengamatan dilakukan setiap hari terhadap jumlah telur yang dihasilkan oleh satu imago betina setiap harinya, masa inkubasi telur, lamanya periode nimfa untuk tiap-tiap instar, pupa, dan imago. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa keperidian B. tabaci yang bereproduksi dengan kopulasi dan tidak kopulasi pada tanaman tomat lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada tanaman cabai, namun tidak ada perbedaan siklus hidup dan nisbah kelaminnya.
Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) dikenal sebagai salah satu kutukebul vektor virus gemini yang bersifat polifag. Identifikasi B. tabaci pada umumnya berdasarkan kantung nimfa instar keempat (puparium) yang ...memiliki mata berwarna merah. Bentuk nimfa instar keempat tersebut memiliki variasi morfologi. Adanya variasi morfologi ini menyebabkan kesulitan dalam identifikasi tingkat spesies. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari variasi puparium B. tabaci pada tanaman inang di berbagai ketinggian tempat di atas permukaan laut. Sampel puparium B. tabaci diperoleh dari daerah endemik di Wilayah Sundaland penyakit kuning cabai di Sumatera Barat, Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Bali, dan Kalimantan Selatan. Sebelum dilakukan analisa morfologi, puparium terlebih dahulu dilakukan uji molekuler dan dinyatakan sebagai B. tabaci. Puparium kemudian dipreparasi dalam preparat mikroskop dan dilakukan identifikasi morfologi pada level spesies. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengamatan ukuran dan bentuk puparium serta pengamatan jumlah seta dorsal dan ukuran seta kauda. Analisis korelasi kanonik digunakan untuk mengetahui faktor yang mempengaruhi variasi puparium. Ada empat kelompok bentuk puparium B. tabaci, yaitu oval, oval dengan 1–2 lekukan, oval dengan >3 lekukan, dan bentuk seperti kerang laut. Terdapat hubungan antara jenis tanaman inang dan variasi morfologi puparium. Trikoma yang ada di permukaan daun tanaman inang menyebabkan terjadinya variasi jumlah seta dorsal yang memanjang, variasi bentuk, dan ukuran puparium. Variasi puparium B. tabaci lebih dipengaruhi oleh jenis tanaman inang daripada ketinggian tempat di atas permukaan laut.
Phytoplasma as a phytopathogenic prokaryote with a wide host range is a pathogen that needs more attention in Indonesia. This pathogen is relatively difficult to detect and identify due to its ...complicated biological properties. This study involved detection of phytoplasmas by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique with P1/P7 primers from seven symptomatic plants, i.e. Bermuda grass white leaf, bamboo yellows, witches’ broom of peanut, soybean, yard long bean, and cactus, and sweet potato little leaf. The phytoplasma DNA of the 16S rRNA gene resulting from PCR amplification was examined by digestion reaction using three endonuclease enzymes AluI, RSaI, and MSeI to generate restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profile. The seven diseased plants were confirmed positive to be associated with phytoplasma as indicated by the PCR product of 1800 bp. Based on the RFLP profiles of the three enzymes, the phytoplasmas were divided into two groups, namely group I (Bermuda grass and bamboo) and group II (peanuts, soybeans, yard long beans, cactus, and sweet potatoes). Cactus phytoplasma is a sub-group (strain) because it has a slightly different fragment of MSeI RFLP profile.
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