Engineering cost‐effective catalysts with exceptional performance for the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) remains crucial for the accelerated development of renewable energy ...techniques, and especially so, given the pivotal role of OER in water electrolysis. On the basis of the metal nodes (clusters) and organic linkers, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and their derivatives are rapidly gaining ground in the fabrication of electrocatalysts, with promising catalytic activity and sound durability in OER, thanks to their controllable pore structures, abundant unsaturated active sites of metal ion, extensive specific surface area, as well as easily functionalized/modified surfaces. This review presents an in‐depth understanding of the established progress of MOFs‐derived materials for OER electrocatalysis. The material designing strategies of the pristine, monometallic, and multimetallic MOFs‐based catalysts are summarized to indicate the infinite possibilities of the morphology and the composition of MOF‐derived materials. While emphasis is laid on the essential features of MOF‐derived materials for the electrocatalysis of the corresponding reactions, insights about the applications in OER are discussed. Finally, this paper is concluded by presenting challenges and perspectives for MOF‐derived materials’ future applications in OER electrocatalysis.
This review presents an in‐depth understanding of the established progress of metal‐organic framework (MOFs)‐derived materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysis. The material designing strategies of the pristine, monometallic, and multimetallic MOFs‐based catalysts are summarized to indicate the infinite possibilities of the morphology and the composition of MOF‐derived materials.
Highlights
This study reviews metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs)‐derived novel nanostructured electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), including the designing and synthesizing strategies of the pristine, monometallic, and multimetallic MOFs‐based catalysts. Moreover, the morphology, composition, and essential features of MOF‐derived materials for the electrocatalysis are discussed. Finally, several perspectives for the challenges and future application of MOF‐derived materials in OER electrocatalysis are presented.
As promising candidates of power resources, electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices have drawn more and more attention due to their ease of use, environmental friendliness, and high ...transformation efficiency. The performances of EES devices, such as lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors, depend largely on the inherent properties of electrode materials. On account of the outstanding properties of graphene, a lot of studies have been carried out on two-dimensional (2D) materials. Over the past few years, a new exfoliation method has been utilized to successfully prepare a new family of 2D transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, termed MXene, from layered precursors. Moreover, some unique EES properties of MXene have been discovered. With rapid research progress on this field, a timely account about the applications of MXene in the EES fields is highly necessary. In this article, the research progress on the preparation, electrochemical performance, and mechanism analysis of MXene is summarized and discussed. We also propose some personal prospects for the further development of this field.
Over the last twenty years, MOFs have emerged as a new promising porous material in the areas of gas sorption and separation, catalysis, drug delivery, and molecule sensing. Moreover, nanomaterials ...have also attracted widespread attention in recent years. Owing to the porous structure of MOFs, we can combine nanoparticles with MOFs to obtain nanoparticle/MOF composites, which possess the advantages of both parent materials. In the present study, we utilized two main methods to introduce nanoparticles into MOFs: a method employing MOFs as templates to hold guest nanoparticles in their channels and a method employing the encapsulation of pre-synthesized nanoparticles. The former includes chemical vapor deposition, solid grinding, liquid impregnation, and double solvent methods, and the latter comprises some new techniques such as the self-sacrificing template technique. Herein, we also reviewed their applications in hydrogen storage, ammonia adsorption, acidic gas adsorption, catalytic processes, and energy storage.
Nanoparticle/MOF materials usually have new or enhanced applications compared with bare MOF or NPs.
As the most widely used supervised classification algorithm, K nearest neighbor (KNN) algorithm is often inefficient in the processing of large-scale and multidimensional data. Therefore, an improved ...KNN algorithm for high dimensional large data processing is proposed. Firstly, deep neural networks (DNN) is used as feature extractor and dimension reduction is carried out to learn the most appropriate representation form of depth feature. Then, the appropriate number of clusters and the initial clustering center, obtained through the density Canopy algorithm become the input parameters of the subsequent K-means clustering. Finally, the learned data are clustered, and Hashing strategy in approximate similarity search (ASS) is used to cluster partitioning according to its approximate similarity, and the result is token as a new training sample of KNN classifier. In addition, considering that the nearest neighbor samples to be searched may fall in different clusters and the performance of KNN search is reduced, a
Anthracnose of poplar caused by
is a leaf disease that seriously affects poplar growth. The pathogen invades the host in the form of adherent cells, which generate turgor pressure through the ...metabolism of intracellular substances prior to penetrating the epidermis of poplar leaves. In this study, the expansion-related pressure of the mature appressorium of the wild-type
was approximately 13.02 ± 1.54 MPa at 12 h, whereas it was 7.34 ± 1.23 MPa and 9.34 ± 2.22 MPa in the melanin synthesis-related gene knockout mutants Δ
and Δ
, respectively. The
and
genes were highly expressed at 12 h in the wild-type control, implying that the DHN melanin biosynthesis pathway may play an important role in the mature appressorium stage. The transcriptome sequencing analysis indicated that the upregulated melanin biosynthesis genes in
, such as
,
,
,
, and
, are involved in specific KEGG pathways (i.e., fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid metabolism, and biotin metabolism). Therefore, we speculate that the melanin synthesis-related genes and fatty acid metabolism pathway genes contribute to the regulation of the turgor pressure in the mature
appressorium, ultimately leading to the formation of infection pegs that enter plant tissues. These observations may reflect the co-evolution of
and its host.
In order to explore the wake characteristics of non-ducted and ducted propellers in oblique inflow with a large drift angle, based on the delayed detached eddy simulation, a numerical simulation of ...non-ducted and ducted propellers in oblique inflow is conducted with an advance coefficient (J=0.4) and a large drift angle (β=45°, 60°). It is found that the deflection degree of the non-ducted propeller wake is higher than that of the ducted propeller. However, the overall distribution area of the wake vortex behind the ducted propeller is kinked. The wake field in the oblique flow shows its complexity, and the evolution process of vortices on the windward side differs from that on the leeward side. The above characteristic of the non-ducted propeller is more prominent. At the same time, the leading edge of the nozzle on the leeward side will produce local shedding vortices and transmit to the downstream due to flow separation. Part of the kinetic energy of the ducted propeller is converted into the nozzle thrust
Gastric cancer remains the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, and invasion and metastasis of gastric cancer represent the major reason for its poor prognosis. In this study, ...we found that loss of the receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) promoted the metastasis of gastric cancer by enhancing the autocrine expression of IL8 in vitro and in vivo. microRNA (miRNA; miR) array identified that RACK1 modulated the expression of a series of miRNAs, including the miR-302 cluster, and RACK1 modulated the IL8 expression and tumor invasion through miRNA-302c. Moreover, upregulation of IL8 in turn decreased the level of miRNA-302c and induced IL8 expression in a feedback manner. Tissue microarray also indicated that RACK1 was correlated with invasion/metastasis phenotype, IL8 expression, as well as 5-year survival in clinical cases of gastric cancer. Together, our results imply that loss of RACK1 in gastric cancer links epigenetics to inflammatory cytokines to promote tumor metastasis.
With the development of the EV industry, the growing demand for EV fast charging load has brought enormous impact on the power system. Due to the unbalance of charging time distribution and the high ...power of EV fast charging, the difference between peak and valley of the load curve will widen. In this paper, a hierarchical navigation strategy (HNS) based on dynamic traffic/temperature data is proposed to decrease the EV fast charging load at peak hours and the time and energy cost during the charging process. The upper layer of the HNS is charging time selection. The optimal selections of charging time, which is based on the habits of EV users, is proposed in this layer. It aims at providing efficient time slots for charging, which can decentralize the fast charging demand and decrease the EV users' time cost. The underlayer is the route selection layer, which is based on the priority coding genetic algorithm. It proposes the optimal charging routes to decrease EV users' energy cost and time cost. At the same time, the peak charging load can also be shaved due to the decline in energy cost. The case study under the scene with realistic traffic, temperature, and power grid information shows that the proposed HNS can shave the peak load of the power grid and decrease the energy/time cost during the EV fast charging process. Therefore, the effectiveness of the HNS is proved.
A common clinicopathological factor except for T stage that could significantly influence the clinical outcome of advanced node-negative gastric cancer patients following radical gastrectomy was ...unknown. This study was designed to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of these patients, and to evaluate the outcome indicators and improve the risk stratification.
A total of 195 patients harboring advanced gastric adenocarcinoma with no lymph node and distant metastases and following radical gastrectomy were retrospectively analyzed from the prospectively collected database of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University between 2006 and 2010.
The 3-year and 5-year overall survival rates of this study population were 85.0 and 69.6%. Factors influencing the overall survival were the degree of tumor differentiation, the depth of invasion and the number of lymph nodes resected (LN, cutoff = 18). Lymph node was recognized as an independent prognostic factor for overall survival of advanced node-negative gastric cancer patients, and the prognosis of the patients with greater number of lymph nodes resected (LN ≥ 18) was significantly better than those with lymph node < 18, and only the patients with T3/T4 stage could be significantly stratified by lymph node. Based on this condition, a new staging system named tumor-node-metastasis staging system for T3/T4 node-negative gastric cancer was constructed, which could have statistically different overall survival between subgroups.
Lymph node was an independent prognostic factor of patients with advanced node-negative gastric cancer, and retrieval of more than 18 lymph nodes should be warranted. In addition, these patients with lesser number of lymph nodes resected might need aggressive postoperative treatment and closer follow-up.
Background
The aim of this trial was to compare the Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) program with conventional perioperative management in patients who underwent radical resection for ...colorectal cancer.
Methods
A combination of evidence-based and consensus methodology was used to develop the ERAS protocol. Five hundred ninety-seven consecutive patients who underwent elective colorectal resection were randomized to either the ERAS (
n
= 299) or the control group (
n
= 298). Outcomes relating to nutrition and metabolism index, stress index, and recovery index were measured and recorded.
Results
Demographic and operative data were similar between the two groups. Patients in the ERAS group showed improved nutritional status when compared with those of the control group. On postoperative day (POD) 1, the HOMA-IR (insulin resistance index) of the ERAS group was lower than that of the control group (
p
< 0.001). The cortisol level of the control group was elevated on both POD 1 (
p
= 0.007) and POD 5 (
p
= 0.002) compared to the preoperative level. However, the cortisol level of the ERAS group was not increased until POD 5 (
p
= 0.001). Reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IFN-γ in the ERAS group indicated less postoperative stress responses. In addition, ERAS was associated with accelerated recovery of gastrointestinal function. The postoperative length of stay (
p
< 0.001) and expense (
p
< 0.001) for the ERAS group were reduced in comparison to the controls. Twenty-eight cases in the control group and twenty-nine in the ERAS group suffered complications, which was not significantly different.
Conclusion
The ERAS protocol attenuates the surgical stress response and accelerates postoperative recovery without compromising patient safety.
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