Aligned carbon‐nanotube (CNT) sheets are used as building blocks to prepare light‐weight, frequency‐tunable and high‐performance microwave absorbers, and the absorption frequency can be accurately ...controlled by stacking them with different intersectional angles. A remarkable reflection loss of −47.66 dB is achieved by stacking four aligned CNT sheets with an intersectional angle of 90° between two neighboring ones. The incorporation of a second phase such as a metal and a conducting polymer greatly enhances the microwave‐absorption capability.
When transferring photovoltaic technologies from laboratory-scale fabrication to industrial applications, low cost, large area, high throughput, high solar-to-energy power conversion efficiency, long ...lifetime, and low toxicity are crucial attributes. In recent years, organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells have emerged as a promising high-performance, cost-effective solar cell technology. However, most of the best reported efficiencies have been obtained on small active-area devices (∼0.1 cm2). Therefore, development of protocols to industrialize such a technology is of paramount importance. In this article, we review the progress of perovskite solar cells with a particular emphasis on fabrication processes and instrumentation that have scale-up potential. For successful commercialization, the capacity to fabricate large-area modules is essential. Long-term stability is discussed, focusing on lifetime measurement and quantification protocols for commercialization. Cost-performance and life-cycle assessment analysis based on recently reported state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells are discussed. These analyses offer insights regarding required efficiency, module area size, and lifetime, in order for perovskite solar cells to be competitive with existing photovoltaic technologies. Finally, lead toxicity and possible solutions to this issue will be discussed. In the outlook, we outline future research directions based on reported results and trends in the field.
•Large-area perovskite film deposition techniques for industrial production of perovskite solar cells and modules.•Stability and device lifetime measurement standards and issues related to commercialization.•Toxicity of lead and possible solutions.
To develop solar cells with high power conversion efficiencies is critical for the sustainable development of human society, but remains a challenge. It is well recognized that rapid charge ...separation, transport, and collection are beneficial for highly efficient solar cells and require the optimization of the microscopic structures and morphologies. One-dimensional nanomaterials favor charge transport and collection obtained from large specific surface areas and a one-dimensional configuration, which are properties widely used in the fabrication of solar cells. In this review, the recent progress in high-performance solar cells based on one-dimensional nanomaterials is comprehensively described, with an emphasis on the most explored metals, metal oxides, carbon and conductive polymers. The impact of the one-dimensional structure on device performance is highlighted to elucidate the advantages of such nanomaterials. The future development of one-dimensional nanomaterials towards next-generation solar cells is finally summarized.
This review highlights the recent progress in one-dimensional nanomaterials for efficient solar cells.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted great attention in the past few years due to their rapid increase in efficiency and low‐cost fabrication. However, instability against thermal stress and ...humidity is a big issue hindering their commercialization and practical applications. Here, by combining thermally stable formamidinium–cesium‐based perovskite and a moisture‐resistant carbon electrode, successful fabrication of stable PSCs is reported, which maintain on average 77% of the initial value after being aged for 192 h under conditions of 85 °C and 85% relative humidity (the “double 85” aging condition) without encapsulation. However, the mismatch of energy levels at the interface between the perovskite and the carbon electrode limits charge collection and leads to poor device performance. To address this issue, a thin‐layer of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) is introduced to achieve improved interfacial energy level alignment, which is verified by ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy measurements. Indeed as a result, power conversion efficiency increases from 12.2% to 14.9% after suitable energy level modification by intentionally introducing a thin layer of PEO at the perovskite/carbon interface.
A thin layer of polyethylene oxide (PEO) is introduced to modify the energy level alignment at the interface between an FA0.8Cs0.2PbI2.64Br0.36 perovskite and a carbon electrode. The PEO‐modified perovskite cell shows 22% increase in power conversion efficiency and enhanced stability keeping 77% of the initial value after being aged for 192 h under the conditions of 85 °C and 85% humidity without encapsulation.
Besides high efficiency, the stability and reproducibility of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are also key for their commercialization. Herein, we report a simple perovskite formation method to ...fabricate perovskite films with thickness over 1 μm in ambient condition on the basis of the fast gas-solid reaction of chlorine-incorporated hydrogen lead triiodide and methylamine gas. The resultant thick and smooth chlorine-incorporated perovskite films exhibit full coverage, improved crystallinity, low surface roughness and low thickness variation. The resultant PSCs achieve an average power conversion efficiency of 19.1 ± 0.4% with good reproducibility. Meanwhile, this method enables an active area efficiency of 15.3% for 5 cm × 5 cm solar modules. The un-encapsulated PSCs exhibit an excellent T
lifetime exceeding 1600 h under continuous operation conditions in dry nitrogen environment.
Wire‐shaped micro‐supercapacitor and micro‐battery: Aligned multi‐walled carbon nanotube fibers and composite fibers have been easily twisted to produce both wire‐shaped supercapacitors and lithium ...ion batteries with high performances. The energy densities achieved 92.84 and 35.74 mWh/cm3 while the power densities could reach 3.87 and 2.43 W/cm3 during the charge and discharge process, respectively. The unique structure enables promising applications in various fields, e.g., these wires can be easily integrated into electronic textiles by a conventional weaving technique.
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