Antibiotic resistance (AR) rates in Vietnam are among the highest in Asia, and recent infections due to multi-drug resistance in the country have caused thousands of deaths each year. This study ...investigated a Vietnamese community's preferences for antibiotic treatment and its knowledge and attitudes regarding antibiotics. A discrete choice experiment-based survey was developed and administered to the population of interest. The respondents were given sociodemographic-, knowledge- and attitude-related items and 17 pairs of choice tasks. Two hypothetical options were included in each choice task. Latent class analysis was conducted to determine the differences among the respondents' preferences. Among 1,014 respondents, 805 (79.4%) gave valid questionnaires. A three-latent-class model with four covariates (age, healthcare-related education or career, occupation, and attitude classifications) was used in the analysis. All five attributes significantly influenced the respondents' decisions. The majority, including young employed respondents with non-healthcare-related work or education, found treatment failure more important. Older respondents who had healthcare-related education/careers and/or appropriate antibiotic use- and antibiotics resistance-related attitudes, regarded contribution to antibiotic resistance as an important attribute in selecting antibiotic treatments. Unemployed individuals with correct knowledge identified the cost of antibiotic treatment as the most essential decision-making factor. Findings suggest minimal antibiotic impact on resistance; only 7.83% view it as amajor concern. The respondents exhibited substantial preference heterogeneity, and the general Vietnamese public had poor knowledge of and attitudes toward antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance. This study emphasizes the need for individual responsibility for antibiotic resistance and appropriate antibiotic use.
Background: Along with economic crisis, the budget for research Is also affected. Systematic review of outcome measurement instrument is a method for choosing researches and articles for our research ...and practice. It provides evidences to make sure that our research will useful. Besides that, economic evaluation is a new approach to help policy maker giving affordable decision to invest in health sector. Our purpose was defined and summarize the status of economic evaluations of vaccines and to find out the new trend in economic evaluation of vaccines in the future in Vietnam. Method: A systematic literature search was conducted in some database such as MEDLINE, SCOPUS, COCHRANCE and GOOGLE SCHOLAR between May 26th, 2016 and June 16th, 2016. The quality of reviews was assessed by using a specific checklist. Abstracts and titles are read firstly to eliminate articles are not related with our topic. Results: A total of six articles were included. These articles focus on three vaccines: rotavirus, typhoid VI and human papillomavirus vaccine. In there, only rotavirus vaccine is cost-effectiveness. The target population is children and women. These articles using mathematic model based on decision tree and Markov model are the method to approach. Conclusion: Economic evaluation is a new area in Vietnam, it need to pay attention to research and develop to control the investment effectively. It is important to be aware of methodology and interpretation of results because of affecting to decision of policy maker and also affecting in national expanded program in immunization on adding new good vaccines.
How countries, particularly low- and middle-income economies, should pay the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccine is an important and understudied issue. We undertook an online survey to ...measure the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for a COVID-19 vaccine and its determinants in Indonesia. The WTP was assessed using a simple dichotomous contingent valuation approach and a linear regression model was used to assess its associated determinants. There were 1,359 respondents who completed the survey. In total, 78.3% (1,065) were willing to pay for the COVID-19 vaccine with a mean and median WTP of US$ 57.20 (95%CI: US$ 54.56, US$ 59.85) and US$ 30.94 (95%CI: US$ 30.94, US$ 30.94), respectively. Being a health-care worker, having a high income, and having high perceived risk were associated with higher WTP. These findings suggest that the WTP for a COVID-19 vaccine is relatively high in Indonesia. This WTP information can be used to construct a payment model for a COVID-19 vaccine in the country. Nevertheless, to attain higher vaccine coverage, it may be necessary to partially subsidize the vaccine for those who are less wealthy and to design health promotion materials to increase the perceived risk for COVID-19 in the country.
Dengue was endemic to Vietnam. Due to the lack of a readily available remedy, dengue vaccines (DV) have been used elsewhere to cure the disease. However, introducing DV in Vietnam has met resistance ...from society and the government, influencing decisions about willingness-to-pay (WTP) and other pharmacoeconomic studies. This research aimed to evaluate the extent to which Vietnamese customers would be willing to pay to vaccinate themselves and their children, if any at all, against dengue.
This was a cross-sectional interview-based research. Contingent valuation method, combined with the bidding technique and several open-ended questions, were used to obtain the maximum WTP values for six hypothetical scenarios of two types of DV (60% efficacy for 10 years, "Type 1" vs 90% efficacy for 20 years, "Type 2").
The median WTP per adult for Type 1 and Type 2 DV were US$130.34 and US$217.39, respectively. The median WTP rates per parent for their own vaccination were US$86.96 (Type 1) and US$156.52 (Type 2), for their children vaccination costs were US$108.70 (Type 1) and US$195.65 (Type 2). Five factors affected the WTP rates: monthly income, marital status, area, locality and level of education.
The WTP rates for DV were high, supporting the introduction of DV in Vietnam.
The paper proposes a pixel-based post-processing algorithm to enhance the quality of motion JPEG (MJPEG) by exploiting the temporal redundancies of the decoded frames. The technique permits ...reconstruction of the high frequency coefficients lost during quantization, thereby reducing ringing artifacts. Based on the linearization of the quantization function, the error between the estimated and original coefficients is analyzed for both cases of ideal and real video sequences. Blocking artifact reduction is verified by a reduction in the variance of this coefficient error. The condition of valid motion vectors to get quality improvement is considered based on these errors. The algorithm is also extended to find the optimal filter for a general estimation scheme based on an arbitrary number of frames. Results in visual and peak signal-to-noise ratio improvement using both integer and subpixel motion vectors are verified by simulations on video sequences.
According to the International Diabetes Federation, total global health care expenditures for diabetes tripled between 2003 and 2013 because of increases in the number of people with diabetes as well ...as in the average expenditures per patient. This study aims to provide accurate and timely information about the economic impacts of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Vietnam.
The cost-of-illness estimates followed a prospective, prevalence-based approach from the societal perspective of T2DM with 392 selected diabetic patients who received treatment from a public hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, during the 2016 fiscal year.
In this study, the annual cost per patient estimate was US $246.10 (95% CI 228.3, 267.2) for 392 patients, which accounted for about 12% (95% CI 11, 13) of the gross domestic product per capita in 2017. That includes US $127.30, US $34.40 and US $84.40 for direct medical costs, direct nonmedical expenditures, and indirect costs, respectively. The cost of pharmaceuticals accounted for the bulk of total expenditures in our study (27.5% of total costs and 53.2% of direct medical costs). A bootstrap analysis showed that female patients had a higher cost of treatment than men at US $48.90 (95% CI 3.1, 95.0); those who received insulin and oral antidiabetics (OAD) also had a statistically significant higher cost of treatment compared to those receiving OAD, US $445.90 (95% CI 181.2, 690.6). The Gradient Boosting Regression (Ensemble method) and Lasso Regression (Generalized Linear Models) were determined to be the best models to predict the cost of T2DM (
=65.3, mean square error MSE=0.94; and
=64.75, MSE=0.96, respectively).
The findings of this study serve as a reference for policy decision making in diabetes management as well as adjustment of costs for patients in order to reduce the economic impact of the disease.
In the present article, the synthesis of spherical hollow cobalt ferrite and application as an electrode modifier were demonstrated. The synthesis of cobalt ferrite was conducted using carbonaceous ...microspheres prepared from a glucose solution as a sacrificial template, followed by subsequent heat treatment. The Fe/Co molar ratio in cobalt ferrite depends significantly on the initial Fe/Co molar ratio. The Fe/Co molar ratio as 1/1 could provide the stoichiometric cobalt ferrite (CoFe
2
O
4
) with a hollow sphere structure and large saturation magnetization. The simultaneous quantification of ascorbic acid (ASA), acetaminophen (ACE), and caffeine (CAF) was performed utilizing the differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric method with CoFe
2
O
4
modified glassy carbon electrode. The detection limits in the linear range of 0.2–4.4 µM are 0.313, 0.267, and 0.226 µM for ASA, ACE, and CAF, respectively. This proposed method enables the simultaneous detection of ASA, ACE, and CAF in pharmaceutical formulations and beverage samples. The determined concentration of the analytes is comparable with that obtained with HPLC.
This study represents the first study using Vietnamese data that is based on the World Health Organization’s quality of life instrument—the older adults module (WHOQOL-OLD). With the instrument, the ...study measures quality of life of a sample of 442 older adults living in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in 2015. It evaluates the instrument’s psychometric properties and identifies determinants of quality of life. The results suggest that the level of quality of life of older adults in Ho Chi Minh City was quite high, with the total transformed score (scaled between 0 and 100) of 76.62 ± 10.16. The Vietnamese version of the WHOQOL-OLD module shows internal consistency with a high overall Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient and high corrected item-total correlations, construct validity with a reasonable goodness of fit based on a six-factor Confirmatory Factor Analysis model, and content validity with statistically significant facet–facet and item-facet correlation coefficients. Using Ordinary Least Squares and Tobit models, quality of life of older adults in Ho Chi Minh City is found to be associated negatively with age, education, and the number of difficulties with activities of daily living, and associated positively with perceived income adequacy (i.e., whether an older person considered his/her income to be sufficient). The analyses suggest that interventions related to improvements of functional health and standard of living could enhance quality of life in old age in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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