The present investigation aimed to determine the per cent growth inhibition of different fungicides against Alternaria burnsii, the causal agent of cumin blight. The study was conducted during ...2020-21 at the Experiential Unit of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, SKRAU, Bikaner. Using the poisoned food technique, eleven fungicides were tested at varying concentrations (100, 200, 300, and 500 ppm). After seven days of incubation, the radial growth and per cent growth inhibition of A. burnsii were measured. The results revealed that increasing the fungicide concentration led to greater inhibition of mycelium growth. Among the tested fungicides, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 20% WG exhibited the highest mean inhibition (76.94%), followed by Tebuconazole 2DS (65.09%) and Pyraclostrobin 13.30% + Epoxiconazole 5% SE (58.75%). Notably, Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 20% WG at concentrations of 300 ppm and 500 ppm, as well as Tebuconazole 2DS at 500 ppm, demonstrated the highest effectiveness with cent per cent growth inhibition. On the other hand, Chlorothalonil showed the least mean growth inhibition (22.96%). The results demonstrated that as the fungicide concentration increased, there was a corresponding increase in the inhibition of A. burnsii growth. These findings highlight the potential effectiveness of selected fungicides, particularly Tebuconazole 50% + Trifloxystrobin 20% WG and Tebuconazole 2DS for managing cumin blight caused by A. burnsii.
This paper traces the history of the evolution of inverse analog filters (IAF) and presents a review of the progress made in this area to date. The paper, thus, presents the current state-of-the art ...of IAFs by providing an appraisal of a variety of realizations of IAFs using commercially available active building blocks (ABB), such as operational amplifiers (Op-amp), operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA), current conveyors (CC) and current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOA) as well as those realized with newer active building blocks of more recent origin, such as operational transresistance amplifiers (OTRA), current differencing buffered amplifiers (CDBA) and variants of current conveyors which, although not available as off-the-shelf ICs yet, can be implemented as complementary metal–oxide–semiconductors (CMOS) or be realized in discrete form using other commercially available integrated circuits (IC). In the end, some issues related to IAFs have been highlighted which need further investigation.
A new explicit-current-output (ECO) single-resistance-controlled-oscillator (SRCO) using a single CFOA has been presented which (i) provides independent control of the condition of oscillation and ...the frequency of oscillation (both through two separate resistors) (ii) employs all grounded capacitors (as preferred for IC implementation) (iii) is suitable for generating very-low-frequency oscillations and (iv) enjoys control of oscillation frequency through a ground resistor (thereby offering suitability for VCO realisation by replacing the resistor by JFET/MOSFET-based voltage-controlled-resistance). The proposed circuit represents a significant development due to the reason that although ECO SRCOs have been reported earlier using two or more CFOAs, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, any circuit using only a single CFOA along with the simultaneous attainment of the above mentioned properties, has not been reported in the literature earlier till date. The workability of the proposed circuit has been verified by experimental results using AD844-type CFOA and some sample results have been included.
In this communication, a current feedback operational amplifier (CFOA) based novel architecture of voltage-mode analog multiplier/divider circuit has been proposed. The proposed circuit employs a ...single CFOA and four MOSFETs. The multiplier circuit can operate in four quadrant modes, whereas, the divider circuit can operate in two quadrant modes. The applications of the proposed multiplier circuit in amplitude modulator, squarer, and frequency doubler circuit have also been presented. To check the robustness of the proposed circuit, mismatch analysis, process corner-voltage-temperature analysis, and Monte-Carlo simulations have been performed. Noise analysis has also been carried out and the output noise for multiplier and divider circuits are found to be below 0.28 μV /sqrt(Hz). The presented circuit has been simulated with CMOS CFOA implemented using 0.18 μm TSMC technology parameters.
Recently, six new all pass filter (APF) configurations, each employing two current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOA) and a grounded capacitor, were presented. This communication extends the ...utility of the earlier configurations by demonstrating that by some simple alterations of the various connections, all of them can be extended to yield first order universal active filter (UAF) configurations capable of realising all the three first order filters, namely, low pass, high pass and all pass without using any additional components. All the presented filter configurations possess high input impedance and low output impedance to facilitate easy cascading and also offer the tunability of the cut-off frequency/pole frequency and gain. Experimental results employing off-the-shelf AD844-type IC CFOAs have been included which validate the theoretical formulations.
It has been shown in two earlier papers published from this study that corresponding to a given single-operational trans-conductance amplifier (single-OTA)-RC and dual-OTA-RC sinusoidal oscillators, ...there are three other structurally distinct equivalent forms having the same characteristic equation, one of which employs both grounded capacitors (GC). In this study, an earlier nullor-based theory of generating equivalent op-amp oscillator circuits, proposed by the first author, is extended to derive equivalent OTA-RC circuits which discloses the existence of an additional number of equivalent forms for the same given OTA-RC oscillators than those predicted by the quoted earlier works, and thereby considerably enlarging the set of equivalents of a given OTA-RC oscillator. Furthermore, the presented nullor-based theory of generating equivalent OTA-RC oscillators results in three additional interesting outcomes: (i) the revelation that corresponding to any given OTA-RC oscillator there are two ‘both-GC’ oscillators (and not merely one, as derived in the quoted earlier works); (ii) the availability of explicit current outputs in several of the derived equivalents and (iii) the realisability explicit-current-output ‘quadrature oscillators’ in some of the generated equivalent oscillators. The workability of the generated equivalent OTA-RC oscillators has been verified by SPICE simulations, based on CMOS OTAs using 0.18 µm CMOS technology process parameters, and some sample results are given.
In this paper, through a systematic approach, four new very-low-frequency third-order quadrature sinusoidal oscillators (TOQSO), especially suitable for generating very low oscillation frequencies in ...the sub-audio range (< 20 Hz and further down), have been derived. Each of the four proposed TOQSOs employs three current feedback op-amps (CFOA), five resistors and three grounded capacitors, as preferred for integrated circuit (IC) implementation. All the oscillators provide independent control of the condition of oscillation (CO) and the frequency of oscillation (FO). The workability and utility of the proposed TOQSOs have been corroborated by simulation results and the hardware implementation results employing AD844-type IC CFOAs.
Background: The green gram (Vigna radiata L.) is the major legume crop in India. Dry root rot(DRR) incited by M. phaseolina is a serious problem to the green gram production area in the world and ...India; Dry root rot has in recent years become a major obstacle to the successful and gainful growing of green gram, which can lead to significant losses in green gram production. The host plant resistance is the best alternative to management the DRR of the green gram, it is an economical and eco-friendly way to disease management. In the experiment, Twenty-five green gram germplasm has been tested for resistance to DRR, a serious disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina. Methods: M. phaseolina sand maize meal inoculum was applied to the field in sufficient amounts to maintain the sick plot before planting green gram germplasm, each germplasm was planted in three rows of 5 m in length, maintaining a distance between plants of 10 cm, the incidence of DRR was recorded using a disease rating scale. Based on disease reaction, green gram germplasm was grouped into different categoriesResult: From 25 green gram germplasm, four germplasm showed a resistant reaction to dry root rot, namely IPM-02-03, G-2, MH-2-15, MUM-2, while this has been observed. Susceptibility of green gram germplasm to dry root rot such as RMG-26.
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