Ketamine, a medication traditionally used as an anesthetic, has increasingly been recognized as an effective treatment for psychiatric disorders. At sub-anesthetic doses (defined here as ≤ 0.5 ...mg/kg), ketamine treatment has been studied in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and social anxiety disorder (SAD). Transient increases in hemodynamic activity have been reported during and after ketamine treatment, which may be desirable properties in some anesthesia settings, but are generally undesirable in psychiatric settings. While ketamine doses used in psychiatry are lower than those used in anesthesia, there are published instances of early termination of psychiatric ketamine infusions due to elevations in blood pressure and heart rate. No unifying study has been conducted to examine the impact of sub-anesthetic ketamine doses on hemodynamic parameters systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate (HR) in psychiatric populations and to evaluate these changes across adult age groups. Here, data from 15 articles comprising a total
= 2,252 ketamine or esketamine treatments in adult participants were used to conduct a meta-analysis of treatment-induced hemodynamic changes. Ketamine/esketamine produced modest but significant increases in the variables of interest with an average SBP increase of 12.61 mm Hg (95% CI 10.40-14.82 mm Hg,
= 11.18,
< 0.0001), average DBP increase of 8.49 mm Hg (95% CI 6.89-10.09 mmHg,
= 10.41,
< 0.0001), and average heart rate increase of 4.09 beats per minute (95% CI 0.55-7.63 BPM),
= 2.27,
= 0.0235). Stratified subgroup analysis indicated no significant differences between ketamine and esketamine effects on blood pressure. Further analysis indicated that there was no significant effect of age on ketamine-induced changes in SBP, DBP, and HR. Taken together these data show that sub-anesthetic ketamine and esketamine induce small but significant increases in hemodynamic parameters that are transient in nature in adult psychiatric populations. While these data are reassuring, it is important for each treatment case to fully explore potential cardiovascular risks prior to initiating treatment.
Moringa oleifera is a tree native to tropical and subtropical regions of South India and used in traditional medicine. The aim of this study was characterize the phytochemicals present in M. oleifera ...leaf extracts and study their antimicrobial activities. Solvent extractions with Soxhlet apparatus of leaves were obtained using hexane, benzene, isopropanol, methanol, and water. The crude extracts were concentrated and screened for qualitative phytochemical analysis, and the antibacterial, antifungal and antiviral activities of crude extracts were measured by in vitro methods. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, tannins, phenolic compounds, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, amino acids, oils and fats were found in the different crude extracts analyzed. Water and methanol extracts showed antibacterial activity against all selected bacteria, hexane and benzene extracts showed antifungal activity against all fungi tested, and hexane, benzene and isopropanol extracts showed activity against Hepatitis B virus. In conclusion, the leaves of M. oleifera have antimicrobial phytochemicals.
Oral mucosal lesions have many etiologies, including viral or bacterial infections, local trauma or irritation, systemic disorders, and even excessive alcohol and tobacco consumption. Folk knowledge ...on medicinal plants and phytochemicals in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions has gained special attention among the scientific community. Thus, this review aims to provide a brief overview on the traditional knowledge of plants in the treatment of oral mucosal lesions. This review was carried out consulting reports between 2008 and 2018 of PubMed (Medline), Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, Cochrane Database, Science Direct, and Google Scholar. The chosen keywords were plant, phytochemical, oral mucosa, leukoplakia, oral lichen planus and oral health. A special emphasis was given to certain plants (e.g., chamomile,
, green tea, and
) and plant-derived bioactives (e.g., curcumin, lycopene) with anti-oral mucosal lesion activity. Finally, preclinical (in vitro and in vivo) and clinical studies examining both the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants and their derived phytochemicals were also carefully addressed.
► Biopolymers ratio impacts the physicochemical and rheological properties of complexes. ► Biopolymers ratio and pH of the dispersion alter the charge density of the complexes. ► The charge density ...in complex coacervate phases shifts the rheological profile. ► Gum arabic:chitosan complex coacervate phases form a viscous liquid-like dispersion.
The formation of the complex coacervate (CC) phases between gum Arabic (GA) and low molecular weight chitosan (Ch) and the interrelationship between the zeta-potential and viscoelastic properties of the coacervate phase were investigated. The maximum charge difference of biopolymers stock dispersion was displayed in a range of pH between 4.0 and 5.5. Titration experiment between the oppositely charged biopolymers showed that the isoelectric point was found at a biopolymers mass ratio (RGA:Ch) of R5.5:1. Turbidity, size and ζ-potential of the soluble complexes (SC) showed an interrelation with the complex coacervate yield (CCY). Higher CCY values (82.2–88.1%) were obtained in the range from R3:1 to R5.5:1. Change the RGA:Ch in dispersion, make possible to produce CC's phases exhibiting cationic (R1:1 and R3:1), neutral (R5.5:1) or anionic (R9:1 and R7:1) charged. All CC's exhibited liquid-viscoelastic behavior at lower frequencies and a crossover between G″ and G′ at higher frequencies.
To the best of our knowledge, “sweet mini bell” peppers have not been extensively investigated. In this study, we evaluated the bioaccessible phenolic compounds released during intestinal digestion ...and identified and quantified the microbial metabolites derived from phenolic compounds bioconversion during the
in vitro
colonic fermentation. A total of 66 phenolic compounds were determined. The results obtained in this study indicate that hydroxycinnamic acids (22 to 32 mg/100 g dw) and flavonoids (99 to 102 mg/100 g dw) headed by quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol glycosidic derivatives were the main bioaccessible phenolic compounds during
in vitro
intestinal digestion of mini bell peppers. The yellow variety contained the highest concentration of bioaccessible flavonoids (80 mg/100 g dw). For the first time in mini bell peppers, dihydroferulic acid was detected, in the three varieties studied. 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid was the major metabolite found after 12–24 h fermentation of all samples (44 to 102
µ
M/L). Further cell culture or
in vivo
studies are needed to elucidate the biological activities of the phenolic compounds identified in mini bell peppers.
Graphical abstract
Mushrooms have a significant role in human diet as functional food and as a nutraceutical resource. The combination of its umami flavor, protein, vitamins, minerals and carbohydrates has meant that ...mushrooms could be considered a cheap food source for a long time in many countries. Moreover, mushrooms contain an excellent variety of bioactive metabolites that can be successful in both prevention and treatment of various human health hazards. In addition, extracts from medicinal mushrooms and their metabolites have been verified for wound treating with contribution to different mechanisms of the healing process. This review summarizes the nutritional value and composition of mushrooms, ethnobiology and ethnopharmacology, and wound healing potential.
The native flora of Chile has unique characteristics due to the geographical situation of the country, with the vast desert in the North, Patagonia in the South, the Andean Mountains on the east and ...the Pacific Ocean on the west. This exclusivity is reflected in high concentrations of phytochemicals in the fruits and leaves of its native plants. Some examples are Aristotelia chilensis (Molina), Stuntz (maqui), Berberis microphylla G. Forst. (calafate), Peumus boldus Molina (boldo), Ribes magellanicum Poir. (Magellan currant), Ugni molinae Turcz. (murtilla), Rubus geoides Sm. (miñe miñe), Drimys winteri J.R.Forst. & G.Forst. (canelo), Luma apiculata (DC.) Burret (arrayán) distributed throughout the entire Chilean territory. Some of these Chilean plants have been used for centuries in the country's traditional medicine. The most recent studies of phytochemical characterization of parts of Chilean plants show a wide spectrum of antioxidant compounds, phenolic components, terpenoids and alkaloids, which have shown biological activity in both in vitro and in vivo studies. This manuscript covers the entire Chilean territory characterizing the phytochemical profile and reporting some of its biological properties, focusing mainly on antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, chemopreventive and cytotoxic activity, and potential against diabetes, metabolic syndrome and gastrointestinal disorders.
To investigate the association between a lifestyle score and all-cause mortality in the Chilean population.
Prospective study.
The score was based on seven modifiable behaviours: salt intake, fruit ...and vegetable intake, alcohol consumption, sleep duration, smoking, physical activity and sedentary behaviours. 1-point was assigned for each healthy recommendation. Points were summed to create an unweighted score from 0 (less healthy) to 7 (healthiest). According to their score, participants were then classified into: less healthy (0-2 points), moderately healthy (3-4 points) and the healthiest (5-7 points). Associations between the categories of lifestyle score and all-cause mortality were investigated using Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for confounders. Nonlinear associations were also investigated.
2706 participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2009-2010.
After a median follow-up of 10·9 years, 286 (10·6 %) participants died. In the maximally adjusted model, and compared with the healthiest participants, those less healthy had 2·55 (95 % CI 1·75, 3·71) times higher mortality risk due to any cause. Similar trends were identified for the moderately healthy group. Moreover, there was a significant trend towards increasing the mortality risk when increasing unhealthy behaviours (hazard ratio model 3: 1·61 (95 % CI 1·34, 1·94)). There was no evidence of nonlinearity between the lifestyle score and all-cause mortality.
Individuals in the less healthy lifestyle category had higher mortality risk than the healthiest group. Therefore, public health strategies should be implemented to promote adherence to a healthy lifestyle across the Chilean population.
This research aimed (1) to examine the agreement between body mass index (BMI)-based nutritional status and perceived nutritional status overall and by socio-demographic factors and (2) to state the ...association between the accuracy of weight perception and weight control practices in the Chilean adult population. A population-based cross-sectional study was carried out with 5,192 Chilean adult participants from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016–2017. Agreement between BMI-based weight status and body weight perception for the total sample and across subgroups was determined using the weighted kappa coefficient. The agreement between BMI-based and perceived nutritional status of the total sample was fair (kappa = 0.38). A higher rate of weight perception accuracy was identified in women, younger respondents, and participants with higher education, a higher income, and from urban areas than their counterparts. Respondents with overweight or obesity tended to underestimate their nutritional status. Actions to lose weight were higher in those who had the right perception of their overweight/obesity condition and those who overestimated their body weight, regardless of their nutritional status. In all groups, weight loss behaviors were more related to the perceived than the BMI-based nutritional status. The consequences of accurate perception of the nutritional status are discussed including its effects on body weight and mental health.
•The first five whole-genome sequences of Salmonella Oranienburg isolated from river sediments.•The genetic structure through pangenome analysis of Salmonella Oranienburg population in river water ...and sediments from Culiacan Valley.•The presence of genes associated with virulence, antimicrobial resistance, metabolism, and stress response may influence in the adaptation to aquatic sources.
Salmonella enterica serotype Oranienburg is a multi-host, ubiquitous, and prevalent Non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) in subtropical rivers, particularly in sediments; little studied so far possible the adaptation and establishment of this microorganism based on its genetic content. This study was focused on the first five genomes of S. Oranienburg in sediments through whole-genome sequencing (WGS) and 61 river water genomes isolated in previous studies. Results showed an open pangenome with 5,594 gene clusters (GCs), and the division of their categories showed; 3,303 core genes, 741 persistent genes, 1,282 accessory genes, and 268 unique genes. Additionally, it showed three main subclades within the same serotype and showed a conserved genetic content, suggesting the display of different adaptation strategies to its establishment. Nine genes for antimicrobial resistance were detected: aac (6′) - Iy, H-NS, golS, marA, mdsABC, mdtK, and sdiA, and a mutation in the parC gene p. T57S generating a resistance. In addition, virulence genes and pathogenicity islands (SPI’s) were analyzed, finding 92 genes and an identity above 80 % in the SPI’s 1 to 5, and the centisomes 54 and 63. The environmental strains of S. Oranienburg do not represent a concern as multidrug resistance (MDR) bacterium; however, virulence genes remain a potential health risk. This study contributes to understanding its adaptation to aquatic environments in Mexico.
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