Strengthening breakwaters can reduce the damages that lead to hydraulic instability. Aiming to enhance the stability of reshaping breakwaters, this experimental study presents a method for ...controlling and reducing structural damages against waves by attaching a submerged obstacle to the structure toe and installing a floating wave barrier at a certain distance. In the tests, the breakwater was exposed to a total of 3000 random waves based on the JONSWAP spectrum. By generating an integrated 3D digital model of the structure using close-range photogrammetry, the displacement of armour units was recorded, and the damage parameter was calculated. Moreover, a comparison of the results between reinforced and simple breakwater indicated that the damage parameter was reduced by 37.19 and 34.14 percent by, respectively, attaching the submerged obstacle and installing the floating wave barrier, which confirms the good performance of the proposed models. Breakwater reinforcement with the submerged obstacle and the floating wave barrier simultaneously reduced the damage parameter by 51.79 percent, which was the highest efficiency among the different models. Also, the results show that with increasing the stability number, the damage parameter also increases, and the interaction between the wave steepness and the damage parameter indicates that the damage parameter decreases with increasing the wave sharpness values.
Damage to rubble mound breakwaters (RMBs), both general and partial, causes instability and inconstancy of the structure against waves. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a submerged ...obstacle on the stability and damage reduction of RMBs as an innovative method and determine the optimal distance of the obstacle from the breakwater and the floating wave barrier based on the damage parameter. The waves affecting the breakwater were assumed to be random using a JONSWAP spectrum. The aggregates' movement and the RMB's exact deformation were recorded using close-range photogrammetric imaging, and the eroded area and the damage parameters were obtained at equal distances in eight cross-sections. According to the results of the tests, by analyzing the effect of the number of waves hitting the breakwater, 3000 waves were considered to bring the structure to a stable state. The results showed that increasing the relative wave height from 0.36 to 0.48 and from 0.48 to 0.6 increased the damage parameters to 39.12% and 44.44%, respectively, and increasing the relative wave period from 0.6 to 0.8 and 0.8 to 1 increased the damage parameters to 22.94% and 28.26%, respectively. Moreover, using a seaward obstacle at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cm distances decreased the damage parameter. The greatest effect, a reduction of 39.15% in the damage parameter, was observed at a distance of 5 cm from the RMB. This number was reduced to 0.735 when a floating wave barrier was used without a submerged obstacle (i.e., 34.14%). Using an obstacle at 5 cm in conjunction with a wave barrier reduced the damage parameter by 54.03% and demonstrated the best function among different models. Hence, this model is proposed based on the experiments carried out in this study.
Transport is one of the most important components of infrastructure so far as the growth process of an economy is concerned. On the other hand a convergence of growing demand, resource constraints, ...and environmental imperatives will reshape our energy system. The future of production and consumption of the energy carriers and their correct and appropriate application in different sectors are of paramount importance. With a view to this and using a linear programming model, optimal allocation of energy resources to different sectors is discussed here. Meanwhile, political, economic, and environmental objectives are taken into consideration. To do so, the data related to 40 recent years are used for predicting energy demand in different consumption sectors and studying validity of model. In addition, allocation of oil and gas resources to different consumption sectors during 2013-2024 is discussed with respect to implementation of the targeted subsidies plan in Iran. The results of the present research provide programmers and decision-makers with appropriate approaches to offer a suitable programming on optimal allocation of energy resources.
PDF
