The COVID-19 pandemic originated from the city of Wuhan of China has highly affected the health, socio-economic and financial matters of the different countries of the world. India is one of the ...countries which is affected by the disease and thousands of people on daily basis are getting infected. In this paper, an analysis of daily statistics of people affected by the disease are taken into account to predict the next days trend in the active cases in Odisha as well as India.
A valid global data set is collected from the WHO daily statistics and correlation among the total confirmed, active, deceased, positive cases are stated in this paper. Regression model such as Linear and Multiple Linear Regression techniques are applied to the data set to visualize the trend of the affected cases.
Here a comparison of Linear Regression and Multiple Linear Regression model is performed where the score of the model R2tends to be 0.99 and 1.0 which indicates a strong prediction model to forecast the next coming days active cases. Using the Multiple Linear Regression model as on July month, the forecast value of 52,290 active cases are predicted towards the next month of 15th August in India and 9,358 active cases in Odisha if situation continues like this way.
These models acquired remarkable accuracy in COVID-19 recognition. A strong correlation factor determines the relationship among the dependent (active) with the independent variables (positive, deceased, recovered).
•Multiple linear regression model is proposed for prediction of Active cases in COVID-19 daily data.•The model predicts a value of 52,290 active cases in India and 9358 active cases in Odisha towards the 15th of August.•The ANOVA results shows a significant P value that accepts the proposed model.•Statistical results show MLR model has fair predictive potential over the LR model.
At present aluminium-magnesium alloys are widely used in various engineering applications due to its light weight and superior properties. Joining is considered as one of the most complex phenomenon ...in various precision industries like aerospace, railway, automotive and marine structures because inflexible tolerances are required during different product assembly. The friction stir welding (FSW) of aluminium-magnesium of various grade has incited substantial scientific and industrial importance since it has a potency to transform the product with a good quality joint. The fabrication of such alloys is a challenging task through conventional fusion welding due to its various metallurgical concerns. Therefore, the present work is intended to summarize the recent progress in FSW of aluminium-magnesium alloys. Particular attention has been paid to microstructural evolution, phase transformation, recrystallization mechanism, material flow behaviour and how the process parameters influence the various mechanical properties and associated defects during FSW. Various experimental and numerical simulation results have been mentioned for weld property comparison. Finally, this work not only points out the prominent conclusions of the preceding research but also recommends the upcoming guidance concerning to fabrication of aluminium-magnesium alloys through FSW.
Unlike other normal cells, a subpopulation of cells often termed as “stem cells” are long-lived and generate cellular progeny throughout life. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are rare immortal cells within ...a tumor that can both self-renew by dividing and giving rise to many cell types that constitute the tumor. CSCs also have been shown to be involved in fundamental processes of cell proliferation and metastatic dissemination. CSCs are generally resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, a subset of remaining CSCs after therapy can survive and promote cancer relapse and resistance to therapies. Understanding the biological characteristics of CSCs, the pathways leading to their sustainability and proliferation, and the CSCs role in drug resistance is crucial for establishing novel tumor diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. In this review, we address the pathways that regulate CSCs, the role of CSCs in the resistance to therapy, and strategies to overcome therapeutic resistance.
•Cancer stem cells (CSCs) promote cancer relapse and resistance to therapies.•CSCs cause drug resistance by regulating many cellular functions.•Targeting pathways deregulated in CSCs could be a strategy to treat relapse cancers.•Combination of conventional and novel treatments could overcome CSC resistance.
Role of Phytochemicals in Cancer Prevention Ranjan, Alok; Ramachandran, Sharavan; Gupta, Nehal ...
International journal of molecular sciences,
10/2019, Letnik:
20, Številka:
20
Journal Article
Recenzirano
Odprti dostop
The use of synthetic, natural, or biological agents to minimize the occurrence of cancer in healthy individuals is defined as cancer chemoprevention. Chemopreventive agents inhibit the development of ...cancer either by impeding DNA damage, which leads to malignancy or by reversing or blocking the division of premalignant cells with DNA damage. The benefit of this approach has been demonstrated in clinical trials of breast, prostate, and colon cancer. The continuous increase in cancer cases, failure of conventional chemotherapies to control cancer, and excessive toxicity of chemotherapies clearly demand an alternative approach. The first trial to show benefit of chemoprevention was undertaken in breast cancer patients with the use of tamoxifen, which demonstrated a significant decrease in invasive breast cancer. The success of using chemopreventive agents for protecting the high risk populations from cancer indicates that the strategy is rational and promising. Dietary components such as capsaicin, cucurbitacin B, isoflavones, catechins, lycopenes, benzyl isothiocyanate, phenethyl isothiocyanate, and piperlongumine have demonstrated inhibitory effects on cancer cells indicating that they may serve as chemopreventive agents. In this review, we have addressed the mechanism of chemopreventive and anticancer effects of several natural agents.
In the past decade, India has seen the introduction of many 'publicly funded health insurance' schemes (PFHIs) that claim to cover approximately 300 million people and are essentially forms of ...purchasing care from both public and private providers to reduce out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) for hospitalization.
Data from a recent government-organized nationwide household survey, The National Sample Survey 71st Round, were used to analyse the effectiveness and equity of tax-funded public health services and PFHIs as distinct but overlapping approaches to financial protection for hospitalization across different socio-economic categories. Cross-tabulation analysis, multivariate logistic regression and propensity score matching were the main analytical methods used.
Government hospitals provide access to 45.6% of all hospitalization needs. Although poorer quintiles use public hospitals more often, even in the poorest quintile, as many as 37.2% are utilizing private hospitals. The average OOPE that a household experiences for hospitalization in public hospitals is approximately only one-fifth of the OOPE for hospitalization in the private sector. PFHI schemes cover 12.8% of the population, and coverage is higher in upper quintiles and in urban areas. Hospitalization rates increase with PFHI coverage, and this occurs with both public and private providers. Propensity score matching shows that PFHI contributes to a marginal reduction (1%) in 'catastrophic health expenditure incidence at the 25% threshold' (CHE-25) for the bottom three quintiles. The reported coverage of PFHIs was greater in the upper income quintiles. Utilization of public services was greater in the poorer income quintiles and more marginalized social groups.
Periodic surveys are essential to guide policy choices regarding the appropriate mix of strategies for financial protection in pluralistic systems. There is a need for caution regarding any shift in the role of governments from providing services to purchasing care, given the contexts and limitations of currently available PFHIs. Even with tax-funded public services, although the average OOPE is lower than the care purchased through PFHIs, there is still a modest level of CHE and impoverishment due to health care costs that persist. Both strategies need to be synergized for more effective financial protection.
Aluminium (Al) is one of the most abundant metals in earth crust, which becomes toxic to the plants growing in acidic soil. Phytohormones like ethylene, auxin, cytokinin, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid ...and gibberellic acid are known to play important role in regulating Al toxicity tolerance in plants. Exogenous applications of auxin, cytokinin and abscisic acid have shown significant effect on Al-induced root growth inhibition. Moreover, ethylene and cytokinin act synergistically with auxin in responding against Al toxicity. A number of studies showed that phytohormones play vital roles in controlling root responses to Al toxicity by modulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) signalling, cell wall modifications, organic acid exudation from roots and expression of Al responsive genes and transcription factors. This review provides a summary of recent studies related to involvement of phytohormone signalling and cross-talk with other pathways in regulating response against Al toxicity in plants.
Universal Health Coverage (UHC) aims to ensure universal access to quality healthcare according to health needs. The extent to which population health needs are met should be a key measure for ...progress on UHC. The indicators in use for measuring access mostly relate to physical accessibility or insurance coverage. Or, utilization of services is taken as indirect measure for access but it is assessed against only the perceived healthcare needs. The unperceived needs do not get taken into account. The present study was aimed at demonstrating an approach for measuring the unmet healthcare needs using household survey data as an additional measure of UHC.
A household survey was conducted in Chhattisgarh state of India, covering a multi-stage sample of 3153 individuals. Healthcare need was measured in terms of perceived needs which would be self-reported and unperceived needs where clinical measurement supplemented the interview response. Estimation of unperceived healthcare needs was limited to three tracer conditions- hypertension, diabetes and depression. Multivariate analysis was conducted to find the determinants of the various measures of the perceived and unperceived needs.
Of the surveyed individuals, 10.47% reported perceived healthcare needs for acute ailments in the last 15 days. 10.62% individuals self-reported suffering from chronic conditions. 12.75% of those with acute ailment and 18.40% with chronic ailments received no treatment, while 27.83% and 9.07% respectively received treatment from unqualified providers. On an average, patients with chronic ailments received only half the medication doses required annually. The latent need was very high for chronic ailments. 47.42% of individuals above 30 years age never had blood pressure measured. 95% of those identified with likelihood of depression had not sought any healthcare and they did not know they could be suffering from depression.
To assess progress on UHC more meaningfully, better methods are needed to measure unmet healthcare needs, taking into account both the perceived and unperceived needs, as well as incomplete care and inappropriate care. Appropriately designed household surveys offer a significant potential to allow its periodic measurement. Their limitations in measuring the 'inappropriate care' may necessitate supplementation with qualitative methods.
Pancreatic tumors exhibit enhanced autophagy as compared to any other cancer, making it resistant to chemotherapy. We evaluated the effect of penfluridol against pancreatic cancer. Penfluridol ...treatment induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of Panc-1, BxPC-3 and AsPC-1, pancreatic cancer cells with IC50 ranging between 6-7 μM after 24 h of treatment. Significant autophagy was induced by penfluridol treatment in pancreatic cancer cells. Punctate LC3B and autophagosomes staining confirmed autophagy. Inhibiting autophagy by chloroquine, bafilomycin, 3-methyladenine or LC3BsiRNA, significantly blocked penfluridol-induced apoptosis, suggesting that autophagy lead to apoptosis in our model. Penfluridol treatment suppressed the growth of BxPC-3 tumor xenografts by 48% as compared to 17% when treated in combination with chloroquine. Similarly, penfluridol suppressed the growth of AsPC-1 tumors by 40% versus 16% when given in combination with chloroquine. TUNEL staining and caspase-3 cleavage revealed less apoptosis in the tumors from mice treated with penfluridol and chloroquine as compared to penfluridol alone. Penfluridol treatment also suppressed the growth of orthotopically implanted Panc-1 tumors by 80% by inducing autophagy-mediated apoptosis in the tumors. These studies established that penfluridol inhibits pancreatic tumor growth by autophagy-mediated apoptosis. Since penfluridol is already in clinic, positive findings from our study will accelerate its clinical development.
OBJECTIVE High-grade glial brain tumors are often characterized by an elevated expression of the tumorigenic epidermal growth factor receptor variant III ( EGFRvIII). The authors sought to establish ...a clinically adaptive protocol as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for EGFRvIII detection through serum exosomes. METHODS Purity of serum exosome/RNA was confirmed by electron microscopy and flow cytometry and through an RNA bioanalyzer profile. EGFRvIII amplification was initially established by semiquantitative polymerase chain reaction in tumor tissues and exosomes. Diagnostic performance of EGFRvIII transcript in tissue versus exosome was determined using a 2 × 2 clinical table approach. Overall survival was determined using Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS The EGFRvIII transcript was detected in 39.5% of tumor tissue samples and in 44.7% of their paired serum exosome samples; 28.1% of biopsy tumors coexpressed wild-type EGFR and EGFRvIII. Tissue EGFRvIII amplification served as the reference-positive control for its paired serum expression. The overall clinical sensitivity and specificity of semiquantitative exosome EGFRvIII polymerase chain reaction detection assay in serum were 81.58% (95% CI 65.67%-92.26%) and 79.31% (95% CI 66.65%-88.83%), respectively. Age, sex, tumor location, and side of the body on which the tumor was located had no effect on the detection rate of exosomal EGFRvIII transcript. EGFRvIII expression either in exosomes or tissue correlated with poor survival. CONCLUSIONS The authors established a serum-based method for detection of EGFRvIII in high-grade brain tumors that might serve as an optimal noninvasive method for diagnosing EGFRvIII-positive high-grade gliomas.
Abstract
Introduction
Understanding the cost of care associated with different kinds of healthcare providers is necessary for informing the policy debates in mixed health-systems like India’s. ...Existing studies reporting Out of Pocket Expenditure (OOPE) per episode of outpatient care in public and private providers in India do not provide a fair comparison because they have not taken into account the government subsidies received by public facilities. Public and private health insurance in India do not cover outpatient care and for-profit providers have to meet all their costs out of the payments they take from patients.
Methods
The average direct cost per acute episode of outpatient care was compared for public providers, for-profit formal providers and informal private providers in Chhattisgarh state of India. For public facilities, government subsidies for various inputs were taken into account. Resources used were apportioned using Activity Based Costing. Land provided free to public facilities was counted at market prices. The study used two datasets: a) household survey on outpatient utilisation and OOPE b) facility survey of public providers to find the input costs borne by government per outpatient-episode.
Results
The average cost per episode of outpatient care was Indian Rupees (INR) 400 for public providers, INR 586 for informal private providers and INR 2643 for formal for-profit providers and they managed 39.3, 37.9 and 22.9% of episodes respectively. The average cost for government and households put together was greater for using formal for-profit providers than the public providers. The disease profile of care handled by different types of providers was similar. Volume of patients and human-resources were key cost drivers in public facilities. Close to community providers involved less cost than others.
Conclusions and recommendations
The findings have implications for the desired mix of public and private providers in India’s health-system. Poor regulation of for-profit providers was an important structural cost driver. Purchasing outpatient care from private providers may not reduce average cost. Policies to strengthen public provisioning of curative primary care close to communities can help in reducing cost.
PDF
