The number of actors in the German Energy Transition as well as the planning complexity increases and new spatial implications emerge in contrast to the conventional energy system. In planning ...processes for Renewable Energy Technologies mostly economic approaches are chosen, but simultaneously the number of social conflicts related to wind power plants or solar energy plants is on an all-time high. The aim of the study is therefore to identify the essential parameters of a sustainable expansion of renewable energies from the diversity of potential influencing factors and to illustrate them using a regional case study and GIS. The analyses reveal the great regional assertiveness of photovoltaics, whereby wind energy can assert itself due to social parameters also at some locations. Beyond this, it is to be stated that renewable energies find themselves in intense economic and social competition for space, although the most compatible spatial solutions have not always been able to prevail so far. Nevertheless, the presented approach offers a sophisticated method to minimize the social conflicts that arise in the context of the energy system transformation.
Climate feedback mechanisms that have the potential to intensify global warming have been omitted almost completely in the integrated assessment of climate change and the economy so far. In the ...present paper, we incorporate the permafrost carbon feedback (PCF) into the well-known integrated assessment model DICE-2013R. We calibrate the parameters for our extended version of DICE-2013R and compute the optimal emission mitigation rates that maximize welfare. Our results indicate that accounting for the PCF leads to an increase in mitigation. Finally, we quantify the economic losses resulting from a climate policy which ignores the impacts of the PCF.
By now, there are numerous high-quality studies discussing the incompatibility of the development of renewable energies with the preservation of landscape. However, no further insight is provided as ...to how a holistic spatial integration of renewable energies may be achieved. Yet the ambitious aim of Germany's government of increasing the percentage of energy obtained from renewable energies to 45 % by 2025 and to 60 % by 2035 will lead to an even greater spatial strain on Germany's rural areas as it has been the case so far. Therefore, this study aims to critically investigate the currently established paradigm of site planning for renewable energies using GIS analysis. Based upon the findings, an alternative, holistic concept of site planning will be developed and exemplified.
Im Freistaat Bayern wird intensiv diskutiert, wie die nach wie vor hohe Freiflächeninanspruchnahme für Siedlungs- und Verkehrszwecke reduziert werden kann. Wissenschaftliche Grundlage für ...Steuerungsansätze in der Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung sollte ein verbessertes staatliches Flächenmonitoring sein, welches über die amtliche Statistik und deren Hauptindikator "Siedlungs- und Verkehrsfläche" hinaus auch die qualitative Dimension der Flächeninanspruchnahme einbezieht. Dafür stellt dieser Beitrag methodische Erweiterungsansätze für das Flächenmonitoring vor, welche kleinräumige Analysen der Zersiedelung, Freiraumstruktur, Flächenversiegelung und Ökosystemleistungen am Beispiel des Landkreises Rhön-Grabfeld aufzeigen. Diese werden im Kontext der Debatte zu Ursachen und Steuerung der Freiflächeninanspruchnahme sowie zu aktuellen Anforderungen an das Flächenmonitoring diskutiert. Betont wird deren Bedeutung für das Monitoring rechtlicher Vorgaben und politischer Ziele zur nachhaltigen Flächennutzung.
In the federal state of Bavaria, there is currently intensive discussion on how land consumption for settlement and transport purposes can be reduced in the long term. In order to provide a solid scientific basis for steering instruments in urban and regional development, the official land use monitoring should be improved by including also the qualitative and structural dimension of land consumption in addition to existing official statistics and their main indicator 'settlement and traffic area'. For this purpose, the paper presents methodological extensions, which show small-scale analyses of urban sprawl, open space structure, soil sealing and ecosystem services using the example of the district of Rhön-Grabfeld. These methodological extensions are discussed in the context of the relevant debates on the causes and steering of land consumption as well as on current requirements for land use monitoring, emphasising their importance for the monitoring of legal guidelines and political objectives on sustainable land use.
In the federal state of Bavaria, there is currently intensive discussion on how land consumption for settlement and transport purposes can be reduced in the long term. In order to provide a solid ...scientific basis for steering instruments in urban and regional development, the official land use monitoring should be improved by including also the qualitative and structural dimension of land consumption in addition to existing official statistics and their main indicator ‘settlement and traffic area’. For this purpose, the paper presentsmethodological extensions, which show small-scale analyses of urban sprawl, open space structure, soil sealing and ecosystem services using the example of the district of Rhön-Grabfeld. These methodological extensions are discussed in the context of the relevant debates on the causes and steering of land consumption as well as on current requirements for land use monitoring, emphasising their importance for the monitoring of legal guidelines and political objectives on sustainable land use.
Im Freistaat Bayern wird derzeit intensiv diskutiert, wie die nach wie vor hohe Freiflächeninanspruchnahme für Siedlungs- und Verkehrszwecke nachhaltig reduziert werden kann. Wissenschaftliche ...Grundlage für Steuerungsansätze in der Stadt- und Regionalentwicklung sollte ein verbessertes staatliches Flächenmonitoring sein, welches über die amtliche Flächenstatistik und deren Hauptindikator „Siedlungs- und Verkehrsfläche“ (SuV) hinaus auch die qualitative bzw. strukturelle Dimension der Flächeninanspruchnahme einbezieht. Zu diesem Zweck stellt dieser Beitrag methodische Erweiterungsansätze für das Flächenmonitoring vor, welche kleinräumige Analysen der Zersiedelung, Freiraumstruktur, Flächenversiegelung und Ökosystemleistungen am Beispiel des Landkreises Rhön-Grabfeld aufzeigen. Diese werden im Kontext der relevanten Debatten zu Ursachen und Steuerung der Flächeninanspruchnahme sowie zu aktuellen Anforderungen an das Flächenmonitoring diskutiert, sowie deren Bedeutung für das Monitoring rechtlicher Vorgaben und politischer Ziele zur nachhaltigen Flächennutzung betont.
The concept of ecosystem services can help to overcome implementation deficits in spatial planning and to promote the protection and sustainable use of nature and landscape. However, diverse findings ...on the concept’s application in Germany have not yet been brought together and evaluated. The aim of this paper is to present theses on the meaningful and effective use of ecosystem services in spatial planning and the promotion of sustainable spatial development. The theses are intended to summarize the state of knowledge and provide recommendations for use in practice and for further research. They are divided into three thematic areas: Theses on the benefits of the ecosystem services concept, on obstacles and potentials of its use and theses on needs for action. The theses are intended to motivate practitioners and scientists to apply the ecosystem services concept in appropriate planning contexts, to use it for better protection and development of nature and landscape, and to support transformation processes towards sustainable development.
By now, there are numerous high-quality studies discussing the incompatibility of the development of renewable energies with the preservation of landscape. However, no further insight is provided as ...to how a holistic spatial integration of renewable energies may be achieved. Yet the ambitious aim of Germany's government of increasing the percentage of energy obtained from renewable energies to 45 % by 2025 and to 60 % by 2035 will lead to an even greater spatial strain on Germany's rural areas as it has been the case so far. Therefore, this study aims to critically investigate the currently established paradigm of site planning for renewable energies using GIS analysis. Based upon the findings, an alternative, holistic concept of site planning will be developed and exemplified.
This paper presents an application that classifies forest's aesthetics using interactive machine learning on mobile devices. Transfer learning is used to be able to build upon deep ANNs (MobileNet) ...using the limited resources available on smart-phones. We trained and evaluated a model using our application based on a data-set that is plausible to be created by a single user. In order to increase the comprehensibility of our model we explore the potential of incorporating explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) into our mobile application. To this end we use deep Taylor decomposition to generate saliency maps that highlight areas of the input that were relevant for the decision of the ANN and conducted a user study to evaluate the usefulness of this approach for end-users.
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