The virologic and cellular factors that are involved in transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) across the female genital tissue are poorly understood. We have recently developed ...a human cervical tissue-derived organ culture model to study heterosexual transmission of HIV-1 that mimics the in vivo situation. Using this model we investigated the role of phenotypic characteristics of HIV-1 and identified the cell types that are first infected during transmission. Our data indicate that the cell-free R5 HIV-1 was more efficiently transmitted than cell-free X4 HIV-1. Cell-free and cell-associated HIV-1 had comparable transmission efficiency regardless of whether the virus was of R5 or X4 type. We have demonstrated that memory CD4 super(+) T cells and not Langerhans cells were the first HIV-1 RNA-positive cells detected at the epithelial-submucosal junction 6 h after virus exposure. Multicolor laser confocal microscopy demonstrated a globular distribution of HIV-1 gag-pol mRNA in the cytoplasm, and the distribution of CD4 and the CD45RO isoform was irregular on the cellular membrane. At 96 h postinoculation, in addition to memory CD4 super(+) T cells, HIV-1 RNA-positive Langerhans cells and macrophages were also detected. The identification of CD4 super(+) T cells in the tissue at 6 h was confirmed by flow cytometric simultaneous immunophenotyping and ultrasensitive fluorescence in situ hybridization assay on immune cells isolated from disaggregated tissue. Furthermore, PMPA 9-(2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl) adenine, an antiretroviral compound, and UC781, a microbicide, inhibited HIV-1 transmission across the mucosa, indicating the utility of the organ culture to screen topical microbicides for their ability to block sexual transmission of HIV-1.
Methods This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, multicenter study comparing FP200QD with placebo in patients (n = 626, age 12 to 79 years) with seasonal allergic rhinitis.
Twenty chronically dialyzed adults were administered a repeatable battery of 14 cognitive and sensory-motor tests on 3 consecutive days: immediately prior to their midweek dialysis, approximately 20 ...hr after their midweek dialysis, and again immediately prior to their end-of-the week dialysis. Serum electrolyte and methylamine analyses were performed at each test session. When compared to established norms, these patients scored within the normal range in a wide variety of areas. Limited impairments, probably due to peripheral neuropathy, were in evidence on the Grooved Pegboard, Finger Tapping (females), and Grip Strength (females) measures. Impairments suggestive of cerebral dysfunction were also noted on the Benton Visual Retention Test and on the Trail Making Test, Parts A and B, with particularly severe impairment noted on Part B. Despite significant daily changes in serum levels of toxic substances retained in uremia, there was little or no evidence to suggest that well-dialyzed patients undergo daily fluctuations in their cognitive and sensory-motor functioning.
To discuss the new use of intranasal antihistamines as first-line therapies, compare and contrast this class of medication with the traditionally available medications, and discuss the potential for ...intranasal antihistamines to provide relief superior to second-generation oral antihistamines.
Review articles and original research articles were retrieved from MEDLINE, OVID, PubMed (1950 to November 2009), personal files of articles, and bibliographies of located articles that addressed the topic of interest.
Articles were selected for their relevance to intranasal antihistamines and their role in allergic rhinitis. Publications included reviews, treatment guidelines, and clinical studies (primarily randomized controlled trials) of both children and adults.
This panel was charged with reviewing the place of intranasal antihistamines in the spectrum of treatment for allergic rhinitis. Intranasal antihistamines have been shown in numerous randomized, placebo-controlled trials to be more efficacious than the oral antihistamines. Although intranasal corticosteroids are considered by some to be superior to intranasal antihistamines, multiple studies have shown an equal effect of the 2 classes of medication. Both intranasal corticosteroids and intranasal antihistamines have been shown to reduce all symptoms of allergic rhinitis. In addition, some intranasal antihistamines have a more rapid onset of action than intranasal corticosteroids.
The future of allergy treatment will likely involve a combination of both intranasal corticosteroids and intranasal antihistamines because of the benefits of local administration and their additive effect on efficacy.
Treatment recommendations for prediabetes Ratner, Robert E; Sathasivam, Anpalakan
The Medical clinics of North America,
03/2011, Letnik:
95, Številka:
2
Journal Article
Recenzirano
A variety of definitions and diagnostic cutpoints have been promulgated for prediabetes without universal agreement. Professional organizations agree that current scientific evidence justifies ...intervention in high-risk populations for the delay or prevention of progression to diabetes. Lifestyle intervention is universally accepted as the primary intervention strategy. Secondary intervention is advocated in high-risk individuals or in the absence of a clinical response to lifestyle modification.
Tendon transfer surgery to restore fundamental wrist and hand function is made possible by the redundancy that exists among the actions of our upper-extremity musculature. Potential donors for ...transfer are those muscles with adequate power to motor the recipient tendon, similar tendon excursion to the recipient, and function in phase with the recipient. Resolution of wound healing, union of fractures, and mobilization of stiff joints are prerequisites for a functioning tendon transfer. Injuries to the radial, median, and ulnar nerves occur above (high nerve injury) and below the elbow (low nerve injury). High and low nerve injuries result in different functional deficits that require unique tendon transfers to enhance function. This report discusses the various tendon transfers necessary to overcome deficits resulting from high and low radial, median, and nerve injuries.
PDF
