Current snow state descriptions and estimates of major snow characteristics (snow cover duration, maximum winter snow depth, snow water equivalent) up to 2010 have been recorded from 958 ...meteorological stations in Russia. Apart from the description of long-term averages of snow characteristics, the estimates of their change that are averaged over quasi-homogeneous climatic regions are derived and regional differences in the change of snow characteristics are studied. In recent decades, the Russian territory has experienced an increase in snow depth, both winter average and maximum snow depths, against the background of global temperature rise and sea ice reduction in the northern hemisphere. The first generalized regional characteristics of maximum snow water equivalent in the winter season have been obtained. According to field observations, an increase in water supply has been revealed in the north of the East European Plain, in the western part by 4.5% (10yr) − 1 and in the eastern part by 6%(10yr) − 1. This characteristic also increases by ∼ 6%(10yr) − 1 in the southern forest zone of Western Siberia and in the Far East. Snow water equivalent in central Eastern Siberia increases by 3.4% (10yr) − 1. From snow course observations in the forest, a tendency for a decrease in water supply (−6.4%(10yr) − 1 is only found in the southwest of the East European Plain. Snow cover characteristics, being a product of several climate-forming factors that simultaneously affected them, change nonlinearly and different characteristics may and often do change differently with time. Therefore, one cannot assume that having information about the trend of one of the snow characteristics implies knowledge of the trend sign of others. In particular, whilst during the past four decades over the Russian Federation most snow cover characteristics—including the most important of them responsible for water supply—have increased, the only quantity that is reliably monitored from space (snow cover extent) has decreased, but in the last two decades this decrease has ceased. These tendencies are opposite to those observed in Canada and Alaska.
Daily snow depth (SD) and snow cover extent around 820 stations are used to analyse variations in snow cover characteristics in Northern Eurasia, a region that encompasses the Russian Federation. ...These analyses employ nearly five times more stations than in the previous studies and temporally span forty years. A representative judgement on the changes of snow depth over most of Russia is presented here for the first time. The number of days with greater than 50% of the near-station territory covered with snow, and the number of days with the snow depth greater than 1.0cm, are used to characterize the duration of snow cover (SCD) season. Linear trends of the number of days and snow depth are calculated for each station from 1966 to 2007. This investigation reveals regional features in the change of snow cover characteristics. A decrease in the duration of snow cover is demonstrated in the northern regions of European Russia and in the mountainous regions of southern Siberia. An increase in SCD is found in Yakutia and in the Far East. In the western half of the Russian Federation, the winter-averaged SD is shown to increase, with the maximum trends being observed in Northern West Siberia. In contrast, in the mountainous regions of southern Siberia, the maximum SD decreases as the SCD decreases. While both snow cover characteristics (SCD and SD) play an important role in the hydrological cycle, ecosystems dynamics and societal wellbeing are quite different roles and the differences in their systematic changes (up to differences in the signs of changes) deserve further attention.
The article deals with the relevance of solving issues to improve the energy efficiency of the use of extracted hydrocarbon fuel, as well as the feasibility of developing and applying these measures ...in the economies of industrially developed countries. The necessity of having a permanent reliable source of electricity when using renewable and alternative sources of electricity is substantiated. As a permanent and reliable source of electricity, it is proposed to use operating and developing nuclear power plants. The use of these power plants requires the improvement of various systems for various purposes in them. To do this, the paper presents an analysis of the parameters of the steam and gas systems of pressure compensators to ensure the necessary pressure of the coolant in the first circuit of the nuclear power plant. Analysis of the parameters of operation of these systems is presented in tabular readable form. Based on the analysis, a "hybrid" pressure compensator system is proposed for detailed consideration, which includes the positive properties of the pressure compensator systems under consideration - steam and gas. An estimated calculation of the possible use of air (or gas) in the free volume of the pressure compensator with the provision of preliminary pressure is presented, followed by bringing the value of this pressure to the required value during operation. The advantages and disadvantages of the considered systems and some issues that require detailed study are noted.
The work examines the hydraulic circuit of the cooling system of power plants of various purposes on the basis of the internal combustion engines. Experimental data are provided to ensure the ...necessary high pressure in the high-temperature cooling system at the exit of the internal combustion engines. The results of the stand tests are analysed and some recommendations have been proposed for their use to improve the efficiency of the power plant itself by improving its operational efficiency
The article provides a detailed analysis of the monograph V. F. Popondopulo “Human activity: legal forms of implementation and a public organization”. The review author notes the relevance of the ...monograph, its integrated and comprehensive nature, allowing to deeply explore the phenomenon of human activity as the basis of law enforcement. According to the author, the concept developed by V. F. Popondopulo has a high scientific and practical value, since it lays the foundation of the theory of law that promotes the crisis of the theoretical and methodological foundations of sectoral legal sciences, primarily the science of civil law. Even though in the monograph V. F. Popondopulo present certain discussion provisions, they, according to the author, not only do not reduce the values of the study, but also stimulate an in-depth study of the problems considered in the study.
This article provides an overview of the sessions of the sections of the International Scientific Conference Fifth Baskin Readings. It was devoted to the role of law in the era of transition from ...modernity to postmodernity and modern trends in the development of law and order.
This article provides a review of the meeting of the Section of the Law Faculty of the North-Western Institute for the Directorate of the RANEPA as part of the VII International Neva Forum. It was ...devoted to the role of law in the formation of a multipolar world in modern geopolitical conditions.
This article provides an overview of the Fourth Baskin Readings conference organized by the North-Western Institute of Management of the RANEPA. The conference was devoted to the problem of justice ...in law. The participants considered the problems of determining the content of the concept of justice, its criteria, the problems of justice in various branches of law and science, and also suggested options for formulating such criteria in relation to different situations.
The article discusses the formula, which is a means of fixing the claim in Roman private law of the pre -classical and classical periods. The nature and essence of the formula are quite little ...studied in the special legal literature. At the same time, most authors are limited to the general characteristic of the structure of the formulas, indicating that in the formulary process the documentary formula had the same meaning that in the legis actio were legitimate claims declared orally. According to the authors, the study of the formula should be based on the general laws of the evolution of Roman private law. The work proves that the emergence of the formula is an indicator of the transformation of associative-shaped legal thinking into a conceptual thinking, and the formula itself is an important tool for conceptual thinking used to construct subjective rights, as well as giving them formal certainty and legal force.
The article is a review of the speeches of the participants of the section of the Faculty of Law of the Northwestern Institute of Management of the RANEPA, held within the framework of the VI ...International Nevsky Forum (St. Petersburg, June 25, 2022) “Legal reforms: past, present and future”, which discussed the problems of reforms in the field of law, as general problems of reforms in in the form of the need to define a clear goal and guidelines for reform, and in terms of reforms in certain legal areas (education, digitalization, legal history, constitutional law, civil law). In general, the participants agreed on the need to take into account the social, economic and political context when carrying out reforms and evaluating their results, clearly setting the goal of reforms, and the need to maintain, within the framework of current changes, adherence to unshakable ideas and principles of law, and constitutional law in particular.
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